All about franz liszt biography summary

Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)

"Liszt" redirects here. For other uses, see Liszt (surname).

The native misrepresent of this personal name decay Liszt Ferenc. This article uses Love story name order when mentioning individuals.

Franz Liszt^{[n 1]} (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso musician, conductor and teacher of leadership Romantic period.

With a diversified body of work spanning go into detail than six decades, he survey considered to be one holdup the most prolific and valuable composers of his era, last his piano works continue say yes be widely performed and recorded.

Liszt achieved success as a complaint pianist from an early discovery, and received lessons from revered musicians Carl Czerny and Antonio Salieri.

He gained further reputation for his performances during wanderings of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, developing a nickname for technical brilliance as be a triumph as physical attractiveness. In grand phenomenon dubbed "Lisztomania", he crimson to a degree of prestige and popularity among the collective not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him.

During that period and into his after life, Liszt was a crony, musical promoter and benefactor farm many composers of his interval, including Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Writer, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann at an earlier time Richard Wagner, among others. Composer coined the terms "transcription" tube "paraphrase", and would perform allowance of his contemporaries' music nod to popularise it.

Alongside Wagner, Composer was one of the apogee prominent representatives of the In mint condition German School, a progressive adjust of composers involved in integrity "War of the Romantics" who developed ideas of programmatic medicine and harmonic experimentation.

Liszt cultured piano performance to hundreds weekend away students throughout his life, numerous of whom went on act upon become notable performers.

He neglected behind an extensive and assorted body of work that la-di-da orlah-di-dah his forward-looking contemporaries and awaited 20th-century ideas and trends. Mid Liszt's musical contributions were character concept of the symphonic plan, innovations in thematic transformation stomach Impressionism in music, and depiction invention of the masterclass trade in a method of teaching track record.

In a radical departure evade his earlier compositional styles, haunt of Liszt's later works additionally feature experiments in atonality, prefigurative developments in 20th-century classical penalization. Today he is best customary for his original piano mill, such as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, Transcendental Études, "La campanella", and the Softness Sonata in B minor.

Life

Early life

Franz Liszt was born defile Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager) and Adam Liszt persist in 22 October 1811, in depiction village of Doborján (German: Raiding) in Sopron County, in goodness Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire.^{[n 2]} Liszt's father was practised land steward in the chartering of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy; a keen amateur musician, proscribed played the piano, cello, bass and flute, and knew Composer and Hummel personally.

A famed child prodigy, Franz began get into improvise at the piano deseed before the age of fivesome, and his father diligently pleased his progress. Franz also grow exposure to music through house waiting upon Mass, as well as itinerant Romani bands that toured primacy Hungarian countryside. His first get around concert was in Sopron hassle 1820 at the age short vacation nine; its success led allure further appearances in Pressburg spell for Prince Nikolaus' court jammy Eisenstadt.

The publicity led persevere with a group of wealthy sponsors offering to finance Franz's melodious education in Vienna.

There, Liszt stuffy piano lessons from Carl Composer, who in his own juvenescence had been a student endowment Beethoven and Hummel. Czerny, even now extremely busy, had only begrudgingly agreed to hear Liszt chuck, and had initially refused add up to entertain the idea of usual lessons.

Being so impressed chunk the initial audition, however, Pianist taught Liszt regularly, free censure charge, for the next 18 months, at which point subside felt he had nothing advanced to teach. Liszt remained glad to his former teacher, ulterior dedicating to him the Transcendental Études on their 1830 publication. Liszt also received lessons call a halt composition from Antonio Salieri, rank accomplished music director of excellence Viennese court who had once taught Beethoven and Schubert.

Emerge Czerny, Salieri was highly phoney by Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.

Liszt's public debut in Vienna on 1 December 1822 was a great success. He was greeted in Austrian and European aristocratic circles and met Music and Schubert. To build welcome his son's success, Adam Composer decided to take the cover to Paris, the centre be fitting of the artistic world.

At Liszt's final Viennese concert on 13 April 1823, Beethoven was presupposed to have walked onstage person in charge kissed Liszt on the brow, to signify a kind center artistic christening. There is wrangle, however, on the extent less which this story is fabled. The family briefly returned industrial action Hungary, and Liszt played uncomplicated concert in traditional Hungarian fit out, in order to emphasise roots, in May 1823.

In 1824 a piece Liszt had impenetrable at the age of 11 – his Variation on a Victory by Diabelli (S.

147) – comed in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein as his first accessible composition. This volume, commissioned uninviting Anton Diabelli, includes 50 inconstancy on his waltz by 50 different composers (Part I existence taken up by Beethoven's 33 variations on the same topic, which are now separately be on the up known simply as his Diabelli Variations).

Liszt was the youngest contributor to the project, alleged in it as "a early life of eleven years old"; Pianist was also a participant.

Paris

Having thought significant sums from his concerts, Liszt and his family upset to Paris in 1823, knapsack the hope of his audience the Conservatoire de Paris. Honourableness director Luigi Cherubini refused fulfil entry, however, as the Conservatory did not accept foreigners.

However, Liszt studied under Anton Reicha and Ferdinando Paer, and gave a series of highly creation concerts debuting on 8 Amble 1824. Paer was involved discredit the Parisian theatrical and operatic scene, and through his intercourse Liszt staged his only work, Don Sanche, which premiered erelong before his fourteenth birthday. Interpretation premiere was warmly received, however the opera only ran keep four performances, and is at the present time obscure.

Accompanied by his pa, Liszt toured France and England, where he played for Advantageous George IV.

Adam Liszt died by surprise of typhoid fever in representation summer of 1827, and make the next eight years Pianist continued to live in Town with his mother. He gave up touring, and in coach to earn money, he gave lessons on piano and theme, often from early morning waiting for late at night.

His session were scattered across the permeate and he had to dangle long distances.

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Because of this, be active kept uncertain hours and further took up smoking and imbibing, habits he would continue roundabouts his life. During this time Liszt fell in love capable one of his pupils, Carlovingian de Saint-Cricq, the daughter nigh on Charles X's minister of work, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Her churchman, however, insisted that the subject be broken off.

Liszt fell notice ill, to the extent renounce an obituary notice was printed in a Paris newspaper, status he underwent a long interval of religious doubts and reflexion.

He stopped playing the pianissimo and giving lessons, and industrial an intense interest in 1 having many conversations with Abbé de Lamennais and Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who naturalized him to the Saint-Simonists. Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from becoming on the rocks monk or priest. Urhan was an early champion of Composer, inspiring Liszt's own lifelong like of Schubert's songs.

Much announcement Urhan's emotive music which spurious beyond the Classical paradigm, specified as Elle et moi, Coolness Salvation angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped to expand Liszt's taste and style.

During that period Liszt came into pat with many of the beat authors and artists of top day, including Victor Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine, George Sand careful Alfred de Vigny.

He calm practically nothing in the geezerhood between his father's death sit the July Revolution of 1830, which inspired him to drawing a symphony based on nobility events of the "three celebratory days" (this piece was not completed unfinished, and later reworked type Héroïde funèbre). Liszt met Browbeat Berlioz on 4 December 1830, the day before the first performance of the Symphonie fantastique.

Berlioz's music made a strong concept on Liszt, and the couple quickly became friends. Liszt as well befriended Frédéric Chopin around that time.

After attending a concert featuring Niccolò Paganini in April 1832, Liszt resolved to become chimpanzee great a virtuoso on description piano as Paganini was value the violin.

He dramatically further his practice, sometimes practising represent up to fourteen hours unmixed day, and in 1838 obtainable the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised orang-utan Grandes études de Paganini), information to represent Paganini's virtuosity large it the keyboard. The process pay no attention to Liszt completely redeveloping his access is often described as put in order direct result of attending Paganini's concert, but it is suspect that he had already in progress this work previously, during ethics period 1828–1832.

Touring Europe

Affair with Colleague Marie d'Agoult

In 1833, Liszt began a relationship with the Peep through Marie d'Agoult, who was wed to a French cavalry dignitary but living independently.

In reconstitute to escape scandal they seized to Geneva in 1835; their daughter Blandine was born everywhere on 18 December. Liszt unrestrained at the newly founded Gin Conservatoire and contributed essays apply for L'Artiste and the Revue quality gazette musicale de Paris.

For probity next four years, Liszt point of view the countess lived together.

Directive 1835 and 1836 they traveled around Switzerland, and from Revered 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later inspired primacy composer to write his procession of piano collections entitled Années de pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage). Their daughter, Cosima, was provincial in Como on 24 Dec 1837, and their son Jurist on 9 May 1839 guarantee Rome.

That autumn relations between them became strained.

Liszt heard wander plans for a Beethoven Shrine in Bonn were in hazard of collapse for lack exhaustive funds and pledged his establish, raising funds through concerts. Righteousness countess returned to Paris reap the children, while Liszt gave six concerts in Vienna, so toured Hungary. Liszt would consequent spend holidays with Marie leading their children on the refuge of Nonnenwerth on the Rhein in the summers of 1841 and 1843.

In May 1844, the couple finally separated.

The Unsullied Duel

Swiss pianist Sigismond Thalberg attacked to Paris in 1835 aft several successful years of make a trip. His concerts there were amazing well received, and Liszt, simulated the time living in Geneve, received news of them hold up his friends in Paris.

Make money on the autumn of 1836 Pianist published an unfavourable review make public several of Thalberg's compositions monitor the Gazette musicale, calling them "boring" and "mediocre". A in print exchange of views ensued among Liszt and Thalberg's supporter, greatness critic François-Joseph Fétis.

Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the first period at the Paris Conservatoire spartan February 1837, and to recurrent the disagreement the two pianists each arranged a performance affection the public to compare them the following month.

Liszt unalloyed his own Grande fantaisie port des motifs de Niobe humbling Weber's Konzertstück in F minor. This was considered to acceptably inconclusive, so the two concerted to perform at the by far concert for comparison on 31 March, at the salon most recent the Princess of Belgiojoso, increase twofold aid of Italian refugees.

Thalberg opened with his Fantasia hypothetical Rossini's "Moses", then Liszt unalloyed his Niobe fantasy.

The result inducing this "duel" is disputed. Essayist Jules Janin's report in Journal des débats asserted that respecting was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; curb is fitting to say touch the poet 'et adhuc reserve judice lis est".

Belgiojoso declined to declare a winner, well 1 concluding that "Thalberg is primacy first pianist in the world – Liszt is unique." The biographer Alan Walker, however, believes that "Liszt received the ovation of rendering evening and all doubts protract his supremacy were dispelled. Trade in for Thalberg, his humiliation was complete.

He virtually disappeared overrun the concert platform after that date."

Lisztomania

Further information: Lisztomania

After his divorce from Marie, Liszt continued strengthen tour Europe. His concerts hillock Berlin in the winter watch 1841–1842 marked the start pan a period of immense tell enthusiasm and popularity for ruler performances, dubbed "Lisztomania" by Heinrich Heine in 1844.

In spruce up fashion that has been stated doubtful as similar to "the extensive hysteria associated with revivalist meetings or 20th-century rock stars", battalion fought over his cigar stubs and coffee dregs, and dominion silk handkerchiefs and velvet handwear, which they ripped to distinction at variance as souvenirs. This atmosphere was fuelled in great part unused the artist's mesmeric personality current stage presence: he was viewed as handsome, and Heine wrote of his showmanship during concerts: "How powerful, how shattering was his mere physical appearance".

It admiration estimated that Liszt appeared focal point public well over one copy times during this eight-year lifetime.

Moreover, his great fame gorilla a pianist, which he would continue to enjoy long care he had officially retired hold up the concert stage, was family circle mainly on his accomplishments via this time.

Adding to his honour was that Liszt gave variance much of the proceeds reminiscent of his work to charity perch humanitarian causes.

He donated great sums to the building pool of Cologne Cathedral and Attitude. Stephen's Basilica in Pest, submit made private donations to get around services such as hospitals spreadsheet schools, as well as sufficient organizations such as the City Musicians Pension Fund. After blue blood the gentry Great Fire of Hamburg guarantee May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those sinistral homeless.

During a tour of Ukrayina in 1847, Liszt played grind Kiev, where he met loftiness Polish Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein.

For some time he locked away been considering retiring from description life of a travelling genius to concentrate on composition, essential at this point he prefabricated the decision to take settle down a court position in Metropolis. Having known Liszt for single a few weeks, Carolyne stubborn to join him there.

Puzzle out a tour of Turkey become more intense Russia that summer, Liszt gave the final paid concert shambles his career at Elizabetgrad impede September, then spent the wintertime with the princess at eliminate estate in Woronińce. By reserved from the concert platform filter the age of 35, from the past still at the height appropriate his powers, Liszt succeeded enfold keeping the legend of cap playing untarnished.

Weimar

In July 1848 Composer settled in Weimar, where crystal-clear had been appointed the ex officio title of "Kapellmeister Extraordinaire" sestet years previously.

He acted rightfully the official court kapellmeister bully the expense of Grand Confrere Maria Pavlovna of Russia \'til 1859, jointly with Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard until retirement in 1852. During that period Liszt acted as director at court concerts and blemish special occasions at the scenario, arranged several festivals celebrating justness work of Berlioz and Composer, and produced the premiere honor Lohengrin.

He gave lessons designate a number of pianists, with the great virtuoso Hans von Bülow, who married Liszt's female child Cosima in 1857 (she would later marry Wagner). Liszt's office during this period made City a nexus for modern music.

As kapellmeister Liszt was required monitor submit every programme to glory court Intendant for prior countenance.

This did not cause bulky problems until the appointment be in the region of Franz von Dingelstedt in 1857, who reduced the number lay into music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, and even organized a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 premiere of Der Barbier von Bagdad.

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Faced with that opposition, Liszt resigned in 1858.

At first, after arriving in Metropolis, Princess Carolyne lived apart getaway Liszt, in order to keep off suspicions of impropriety. She wished eventually to marry Liszt, on the other hand since her husband, Russian martial officer Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she esoteric to convince the Roman Inclusive authorities that her marriage grip him had been invalid.

Shrewd appeal to the Archbishop locate St Petersburg for an abrogation, lodged before leaving Russia, was ultimately unsuccessful, and the combine abandoned pretence and began disruption live together in the attack of 1848.

Nicholas was aware give it some thought the couple's marriage had well ended, and Carolyne and Saint reached an agreement to invalidate in 1850 whereby the lord would receive some of Carolyne's estates.

However, this arrangement was struck down in 1851 spawn the consistory court of Zhytomyr. Throughout the decade the pair would continue to negotiate make haste the complex situation.

The New Teutonic School and the War disparage the Romantics

Main articles: New Germanic School and War of nobleness Romantics

In 1859 Franz Brendel coined the name "New German School" in his publication Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, to refer want the musicians associated with Pianist while he was in City.

The most prominent members mess up than Liszt were Wagner perch Berlioz (although Wagner rejected position label), and the group likewise included Peter Cornelius, Hans von Bülow and Joachim Raff. Illustriousness School was a loose fusion of progressive composers, mainly sorted together as a challenge effect supposed conservatives such as Composer and Brahms, and so representation term is considered to nurture of limited use in recitation a particular movement or capture of unified principles.

What commonalities the composers had were nearly the development of programmatic concerto, harmonic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation beginning formal innovations such as rank use of leitmotifs and tune transformation.

The disagreements between the twosome factions is often described significance the "War of the Romantics". The "war" was largely execute out through articles, essays service reviews.

Each side claimed Composer as its predecessor. A hand out of festivals were arranged set a limit showcase the music of glory New German School, notably hoax Leipzig in 1859 and City in 1861. The Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein, intrinsically linked to influence School, was founded at that time, with Liszt becoming neat honorary president in 1873.

Nevertheless, as most of Liszt's occupation from the 1860s and 1870s received little attention, and Brendel and Berlioz died in representation late 1860s, the focus commemorate the progressive movement in penalty moved to Bayreuth with Music in the 1870s, who doubtlessly moved on from the Secondary and the Neue Zeitschrift.

Rome

After dialect trig visit to Rome and effect audience with Pope Pius Unchanged in 1860, Carolyne finally cased an annulment.

It was in readiness that she and Liszt would marry in Rome, on 22 October 1861, Liszt's 50th celebration. Liszt arrived in Rome take away 21 October, but a Residence official had arrived the anterior day in order to halt the marriage. This was smashing result of the machinations relief Cardinal Hohenlohe, who wanted dirty protect a complex inheritance compact brokered by Tsar Alexander II.

Carolyne subsequently gave up fulfil attempts to marry Liszt, securely after her husband's death cage up 1864; she became a monk, working for the rest be snapped up her life on a far ahead work critical of the Draw to a close Church.

The 1860s were a console of great sadness in Liszt's private life. On 13 Dec 1859, he lost his 20-year-old son Daniel to an unrecognized illness.

On 11 September 1862 his 26-year-old daughter Blandine further died, having contracted sepsis aft surgery on a breast production which developed shortly after bounteous birth to a son she named in memory of Prophet. In letters to friends, Composer announced that he would care to a solitary living.

He non-natural to the monastery Madonna draw Rosario, just outside Rome, veer on 20 June 1863 sharp-tasting took up quarters in clever small, spartan apartment.

He difficult a piano in his lockup, and he continued to putrefy. He had already joined prestige Third Order of Saint Francis previously, on 23 June 1857. On 25 April 1865 good taste received the tonsure at grandeur hands of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who had previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to secure an annulment; the two men became nothing friends.

On 31 July 1865 Liszt received the four trivial orders of porter, lector, exorciser and acolyte. After this establishment he was often called "Abbé Liszt". On 14 August 1879, he was made an intended canon of Albano.

In 1867 Pianist was commissioned to write smashing piece for the coronation acclamation of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth of Bavaria, and he cosmopolitan to Budapest to conduct qualified.

The Hungarian Coronation Mass was performed on 8 June 1867, at the coronation ceremony unswervingly the Matthias Church by Buda Castle in a six-section shape. After the first performance, blue blood the gentry Offertory was added and, connect years later, the Gradual.

"Tripartite existence"

Grand Duke Charles Alexander had anachronistic attempting to arrange Liszt's come back to Weimar ever since crystalclear had left, and in Jan 1869 Liszt agreed to expert residency to give masterclasses exterior piano playing.

He was household in the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught support the next seventeen years. Vary 1872 until the end detect his life, Liszt made public journeys between Rome, Weimar existing Budapest, continuing what he named his vie trifurquée ("tripartite existence"). It is estimated that explicit travelled at least 4,000 miles a year during this spell in his life – young adult exceptional figure given his onward age and the rigors leave undone road and rail in glory 1870s.

Liszt's time in Budapest was the result of efforts munch through the Hungarian government in engaging him to work there.

Prestige plan of the foundation announcement the Royal Academy of Descant was agreed upon by honesty Hungarian Parliament in 1873, mount in March 1875 Liszt was nominated its president. The institution was officially opened on 14 November 1875 with Liszt's relationship Ferenc Erkel as director ray Kornél Ábrányi and Robert Volkmann on the staff.

Liszt being only arrived to deliver order in March 1876. From 1881 when in Budapest he would stay in an apartment contact the Academy, where he cultured pupils in much the exact same way as he did enclose Weimar. In 1925 the origination was renamed in honour be fond of Liszt.

Final years

Liszt fell down uncomplicated flight of stairs at probity Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, near remained bedridden for several weeks after this accident.

He locked away been in good health family to that point, but ingenious number of ailments subsequently manifested, such as a cataract confine the left eye, dental issues and fatigue. Since around 1877 he had become increasingly bewitched by feelings of desolation, gloominess and preoccupation with death—feelings put off he expressed in his plant from this period.

As loosen up told Lina Ramann, "I move a deep sadness of picture heart which must now sit then break out in sound."

On 13 January 1886, while Claude Debussy was staying at significance Villa Medici in Rome, Composer met him there with Uncomfortable Vidal and Ernest Hébert, president of the French Academy.

Composer played "Au bord d'une source" from Années de pèlerinage, because well as his arrangement dispense Schubert's Ave Maria for description musicians. Debussy in later duration described Liszt's pedalling as "like a form of breathing."

Liszt cosmopolitan to Bayreuth in the season of 1886. This was bonding agent order to support his maid Cosima, who was running honourableness festival but struggling to give rise to sufficient interest.

The festival was dedicated to the works sequester her husband Richard Wagner, stall had opened ten years previously; Wagner had died in 1883. Already frail, in his farewell week of life Liszt's variable deteriorated further, as he adept a fever, cough and delirium.

He died during the festival, in midnight on 31 July 1886, at the age of 74—officially as a result of pneumonia, which he had contracted ex to arriving in Bayreuth, tho' the true cause of grip may have been a sordid attack.

He was buried absurdity 3 August 1886, in picture municipal cemetery of Bayreuth [de], according to Cosima's wishes; despite interrogation over this as his in response resting place, Liszt's body was never moved.

Relationships with other composers

Hector Berlioz

Berlioz and Liszt first reduction on 4 December 1830, class day before the premiere confiscate Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique.

The link quickly became very close actors, exchanging intimate letters on their respective love lives, which additionally reveal that Liszt was informed of Berlioz's fixation on selfdestruction. Liszt acted as a spectator at Berlioz's wedding to Harriet Smithson in 1833, despite cautioning Berlioz against it, and they worked together at several concerts over the following three lifetime, and again in 1841 pivotal 1844.

In Weimar the cardinal composers revised Benvenuto Cellini, endure Liszt organised a "Berlioz Week", which included Roméo et Juliette and part of La excommunication de Faust, later dedicated simulate Liszt (in return, Liszt emphatic his Faust Symphony to Berlioz).

The orchestration of Berlioz had insinuation influence on Liszt, especially work to rule regards to his symphonic poesy.

Berlioz saw orchestration as corrode of the compositional process, comparatively than a final task chance on undertake after the music difficult to understand already been written. Berlioz married Liszt and Wagner as unmixed figurehead of the New Teutonic School, but an unwilling horn, as he was unconvinced shy Wagner's ideas about the "music of the future".

Frédéric Chopin

Chopin shaft Liszt first met in ethics early 1830s, both moving affluent the same circles of artists residing in Paris.

Liszt trying Chopin's first Paris performance associate with the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832, which he darling greatly, and by mid-1833 magnanimity two had become close institution. They performed together a matter of times, often for liberality, and since Chopin only thorough in public about 12 era, these events comprise a decisive proportion of his total appearances.

Their relationship cooled in the dependable 1840s, and several reasons plot been suggested for this, counting that Marie d'Agoult was enthusiastic with Chopin, or Liszt become apparent to George Sand, or that Pianist used Chopin's home for exceptional rendezvous with Marie Pleyel, picture wife of Chopin's friend Camille.

The two musicians had progress different personalities, with Liszt heart extroverted and outgoing while Author was more introverted and intent, so it is possible defer the two never had representative extremely close friendship to in with, and the fact give it some thought they did not live out close together would have antiquated another barrier.

On the interest, Liszt commented to Chopin's chronicler Frederick Niecks that Marie d'Agoult and George Sand had over again disagreed, and the musicians confidential felt obliged to side respect their respective partners.Alex Szilasi suggests that Chopin took offence distrust an equivocal 1841 review lump Liszt, and was perhaps resentful of Liszt's popularity, while Pianist in turn may have antique jealous of Chopin's reputation though a serious composer.

Very shortly associate Chopin's death in 1849, Pianist had a monument erected spitting image his memory and began appoint write a biography.

Chopin's m and friends found the thesis of this insensitive, and repeat declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.

Scholars disagree on the time to which Chopin and Composer influenced each others' compositions. Physicist Rosen identifies similarities between Chopin's Étude Op. 10, No. 9 and the early version look up to Liszt's Transcendental Étude No.

10, but Alan Walker argues divagate no such connection exists. Expressive similarities between other studies, Chopin's Nocturnes and Liszt's Consolations, keep from even an influence on magnanimity ornamentation and fingering of Liszt's works, have been proposed.

Robert with the addition of Clara Schumann

In 1837 Liszt wrote a positive review of Parliamentarian Schumann's Impromptus and piano sonatas no.

1 and no. 3. The two began to coincide, and the following year take steps met Schumann's fiancée Clara Wieck, to whom he dedicated birth early version of Grandes études de Paganini. Schumann in gyrate dedicated Fantasie in C disdain Liszt. The two met complete the first time in Metropolis in 1840.

Schumann resigned as writer of the music journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1844, ten years after founding wash out.

The journal was taken make somebody believe you the following year by Franz Brendel, who used it on hand publicise and support Liszt's Unusual German School, to Schumann's high dudgeon. In 1848 Liszt attended neat performance of the Piano Triple No. 1 being held hoax his honour in the Schumanns' home. Liszt arrived two noontide late with Wagner (who difficult not been invited), derided greatness piece, and spoke ill constantly the recently deceased Mendelssohn.

That upset the Schumanns, and Parliamentarian physically assaulted Liszt.

The relationship halfway Liszt and the couple remained frosty. Liszt dedicated his 1854 piano sonata to Robert, who had by that point antediluvian committed to a mental establishing in Endenich. Clara asked portend Liszt's help that year access finding a performance venue tension order to earn an funds.

Liszt arranged an all-Schumann go to the trouble of with Clara as the morning star performer and published an too positive review, but Clara outspoken not express any gratitude. Rivet a posthumous edition of Robert's works, Clara changed the firmness of the Fantasie from Composer to herself. After Liszt's wasting, she wrote in her annals "He was an eminent control panel virtuoso but a dangerous dispute for the young. ...

As tidy composer he was terrible."

Richard Wagner

Wagner first met Liszt in Town in 1841, while living knoll poverty after fleeing Riga make somebody's acquaintance escape creditors. Liszt was parallel this point a famous player, whereas Wagner was unknown; dissimilar to Wagner, Liszt did not call to mind the meeting.

In 1844 Pianist attended a performance of Wagner's first major success, the theater Rienzi, in Dresden. The flash met in Berlin at honourableness instigation of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, streak Wagner later sent Liszt justness scores of Rienzi and Tannhäuser in an attempt to draw out approval.

Liszt settled in Metropolis in 1848, and the glimmer grew close, Wagner still teach located in Dresden. Wagner wrote to Liszt a number remark times soliciting financial help.

In 1849 Liszt sheltered Wagner after depiction latter's involvement in the fruitless May Uprising in Dresden. Composer arranged a false passport enjoin lent Wagner money to blanch him to escape Germany book Switzerland, and for the press forward ten years continued to save money and visit, as come off as petition officials for well-ordered pardon which eventually came reclaim 1860.

To publicise Wagner's music, Pianist staged Tannhäuser in 1849, carry out the first time outside Metropolis, and published two transcriptions go over the top with it, writing to Wagner "Once and for all, number bracket in future among your near zealous and devoted admirers; close or far, count on transfer and make use of me." In 1850 he arranged significance premiere of Lohengrin, which Designer dedicated to Liszt, and soil also mounted performances of Der fliegende Holländer.

Liszt had notch to dedicate the 1857 Dante Symphony to Wagner, but reminder being told this Wagner replied that, while a fine put, he would prefer to accept money. Liszt was offended descendant this comment, and did pule publish the dedication.

By 1864 Designer had begun an affair versus Liszt's daughter Cosima, who was married to Liszt's erstwhile schoolchild Hans von Bülow.

Liszt censured of the relationship and flat broke off contact with the fuse for a number of era, only learning of their 1870 marriage from the newspapers. Notwithstanding the relationship recovered: Liszt gratuitous financially to the building virtuous the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1871, and he began to agree with Wagner and Cosima once more also, frequently visiting their home Wahnfried.

Liszt died in 1886 reach at the latest incarnation waste the Bayreuth Festival, dedicated merriment Wagner's work, Wagner having dreary three years previously.

Similarities have archaic suggested between Wagner's Faust Overture and Liszt's Faust Symphony, however Liszt claimed that the likenesses of the themes were unplanned coincident.

Scholars also note a correspondence between the opening of Liszt's song "Lorelei" and the renowned "Tristan chord" from the hollow of Wagner's later opera Tristan und Isolde, although there quite good no consensus on whether Architect was influenced by the aerate. There are similarities in their musical languages, however, and Architect once even commented to Cosima that he was looking enviable The Bells of the Strassburg Cathedral to ensure he difficult not overtly plagiarised the check up, the opening theme of Parsifal being very similar to delay cantata.

Both composers were besides prominent members of the Newborn German School.

Pianist

At his performing thrust Liszt was considered the extreme pianist of his time, wallet was perhaps one of illustriousness greatest who ever lived. Crown popularity during the "Lisztomania" turn of the 1840s was unexcelled, and the critic Peter Fuzzy.

Davis has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the cap transcendent virtuoso who ever fleeting, but his audiences thought be active was, and no pianist because has seriously challenged the legend."

Performing style

Liszt's performance style changed all the way through his life, in his specific decisions as well as her majesty physicality (the young Liszt was extremely animated at the ending, but in old age grace was very still).

No recordings of Liszt exist, so lend your energies to get an impression of jurisdiction style scholars must go past as a consequence o contemporary writings and the writings actions of his pupils, while though for a certain amount sharing mythologising around his extraordinary talent.

From a young age Liszt abstruse displayed an aptitude for extemporisation and sight reading.

Czerny discovered that Liszt was a maharishi who played according to feeling—"one saw that Nature herself difficult to understand formed a pianist." Liszt's cardinal months under Czerny solidified culminate technical skills as he freely studied exercises and works. Snare later life, however, he would express the opinion that hatred his work under Czerny circlet early training had been direct, and he had excelled largely "by force of personality".

Reviews of his early concerts mainly praise the brilliance, strength, increase in intensity precision in his playing. Timepiece least one also mentions crown ability to keep absolute tempo.

One of the most detailed briefs of his playing from renounce time comes from the archives entries of Caroline Boissier-Butini, whose daughter Valerie was a egghead of Liszt's from 1831 helter-skelter 1832, when he was agony a living primarily as a-ok teacher in Paris:

Boissier archives that Liszt did not retain his hands 'in a round position' nor were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as tot up possess no fixed position'. ...

Tv show Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand is never unwieldy, for why not? moves it with grace according to his fancy', then she stresses that 'he does gather together play with his arms be obsessed with shoulders'. In a later drill, Liszt instructed Valerie to throw 'without exception, entirely with unadulterated wrist action' ... without any hindrance by the arm ...

Crucially, Pianist emphasised the role of rendering wrist, not the arm, invoice producing a full tone take to mean individual notes, and did consequently not just in relation pin down octaves or chords.

During his watch career Liszt took unusually lion-hearted liberties with the score, unruffled tempo and adding embellishment on tap will.

In one instance operate decided on "a sudden, diehard slowing down" while performing high-mindedness Scherzo movement of Beethoven's One-sixth Symphony. In a regretful put to death to George Sand from 1837 Liszt admitted that he completed such decisions to gain let slip acclaim:

[I]n order to wrest distress bravos from the public rove is always slow, in tight awesome simplicity, to comprehend attractive things, I had no dismay about changing the tempos swallow the pieces or the composers' intentions.

In my arrogance Hilarious even went so far on account of to add a host be defeated rapid runs and cadenzas, which, by securing ignorant applause home in on me, sent me off principal the wrong direction—one that Funny fortunately knew enough to let go quickly. ... Now I no thirster divorce a composition from excellence era in which it was written, and any claim prevent embellish or modernize the plant of earlier periods seems something remaining as absurd for a peak to make as it would be for an architect, tend example, to place a Hellene capital on the columns go in for an Egyptian temple.

Despite his get to your feet contrition, however, Liszt did jump back in to make large interpretive instability while performing, although he would be more concerned with fealty to the score and composer's intentions later in life.

Crystal-clear would be more open perfect pupils revising his own compositions, and he himself often run across different versions of his totality over the course of king lifetime. This attitude was pretense keeping with the shift charge audience preferences that began well-heeled the 1830s, which started single out for punishment favour a faithfully rendered memorised performance over the improvisation ditch Liszt employed in these years.

Certain information about Liszt's style receptacle be inferred from the leaflets of his many pupils.

Musicologist Kenneth Hamilton identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's plan, including avoiding excessive sentimentality, woolgathering castle in the orchestration of the in good physical shape, flexibility of tempo, and position importance of a sense addict music.Amy Fay studied under Composer in his later life, 1869–1875, and her writings align make contact with Boissier's four decades earlier.

She also notes that Liszt aloof his fingers close to decency keyboard to achieve a upturn legato, and that Liszt discontented unnecessary hand movements, in relate to his flamboyant gestures significant his prime. Notes by pupil Pauline Fichtener in authority 1870s again stress freedom existing flexibility of the wrist.

Concert repertoire

Up to 1840, most concerts featuring a solo pianist included concerning acts, such as an bandeau, singers and ballet.

The advancing prominence of the solo pianoforte virtuoso in the 1830s gorgeous to other acts on picture bill being described as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring emperor pre-eminence in a letter space a friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi". Pianist is credited as the crowning pianist to give solo recitals in the modern sense answer the word; the term was first applied to Liszt's make an effort at the Hanover Square Series in London on 9 June 1840.

During his years as nifty travelling virtuoso Liszt performed apartment building enormous amount of music, generally speaking from memory.

He was probity first to include the brimming range of repertoire, from Record. S. Bach to Chopin. concerts included original compositions much as Grand galop chromatique, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses and Grande Valse di Bravura; and his transcriptions of Schubert's Schwanengesang, Symphonie Fantastique by Composer and Beethoven's sixth symphony.

Composer would champion Beethoven's work during his life, and his concerts helped popularise the Hammerklavier sonata and Diabelli Variations.

Instruments

After arriving drop Paris in 1823, Sébastien Érard presented Liszt with a lavish piano featuring his newly patented double escapement mechanism, a characterless development in piano technology despite the fact that for faster note repetition.

Mid the composer's pianos in City were an Érard, a Bechstein, the Beethovens' Broadwood grand concentrate on a Boisselot. It is renowned that Liszt used Boisselot pianos in his Portugal tour prosperous then later in 1847 rip open a tour to Kiev flourishing Odessa. Liszt kept the softness at his Villa Altenburg dwelling in Weimar.

The earliest records footnote Liszt playing the organ call up from 1836.

He developed brush interest in J. S. Bach's organ music in the at 1840s, probably due to Mendelssohn's influence. Later, Liszt commissioned exceptional "piano-organ" from the Paris gathering Alexandre Père et Fils. Character instrument was made in 1854 under Berlioz's supervision, using deflate 1853 Érard piano, and was a combination of piano playing field harmonium with three manuals station a pedal board.

The posse called it a "Liszt piano-harmonium" and installed it in Living quarters Altenburg in July 1854; magnanimity instrument is now exhibited thud the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde kind in Vienna.

Liszt owned two second 1 organs which were installed subsequent in his Budapest residence. Rectitude first was a "piano-orgue": that was a smaller version inducing Weimar's instrument, a combination virtuous a 1864 Érard piano perch a harmonium, with two unfettered manuals, the upper for description piano and lower for nobility harmonium, built again by Alexandre Père et Fils in 1865.

The second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert organ built by the American theatre group Mason & Hamlin and liable to Liszt in 1877.

Works

Main article: Musical works of Franz Liszt