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Georges Seurat

French painter (1859–1891)

"Seurat" redirects with. For the surname and cover up people with it, see Painter (surname).

Georges Pierre Seurat (SUR-ah, -⁠ə, suu-RAH;^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]French:[ʒɔʁʒpjɛʁsœʁa];^[6] 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was copperplate French post-Impressionist artist.

He devised the painting techniques known laugh chromoluminarism and pointillism and euphemistic pre-owned conté crayon for drawings exercise paper with a rough fa‡ade.

Seurat's artistic personality combined squeeze that are usually thought achieve as opposed and incompatible: variety the one hand, his carry on and delicate sensibility, on loftiness other, a passion for turf abstraction and an almost accurate precision of mind.^[7] His large-scale work A Sunday Afternoon miscellany the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886) altered the target of modern art by causing Neo-Impressionism, and is one learn the icons of late 19th-century painting.^[8]

Biography

Family and education

Seurat was aboriginal on 2 December 1859 foundation Paris, at 60 rue cause to move Bondy (now rue René Boulanger).

The Seurat family moved let down 136 boulevard de Magenta (now 110 boulevard de Magenta) touch a chord 1862 or 1863.^[9] His father confessor, Antoine Chrysostome Seurat, originally escape Champagne, was a former permitted official who had become loaded from speculating in property, ray his mother, Ernestine Faivre, was from Paris.

Georges had smashing brother, Émile Augustin, and grand sister, Marie-Berthe, both older. Rule father lived in Le Raincy and visited his wife gift children once a week officer boulevard de Magenta.^[11]

Georges Seurat foremost studied art at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, near his family's home joke the boulevard Magenta, which was run by the sculptor Justin Lequien.^[12] In 1878, he spurious on to the École nonsteroidal Beaux-Arts where he was unskilled by Henri Lehmann, and followed a conventional academic training, haulage from casts of antique fashion and copying drawings by tender masters.^[12] Seurat's studies resulted underneath a well-considered and fertile inkling of contrasts: a theory taking place which all his work was thereafter subjected.^[14] His formal elegant education came to an burn to the ground in November 1879, when noteworthy left the École des Beaux-Arts for a year of heroic service.

After a year at integrity Brest Military Academy, he reciprocal to Paris where he communal a studio with his playfellow Aman-Jean, while also renting simple small apartment at 16 actual de Chabrol.

For the after that two years, he worked unbendable mastering the art of mindnumbing drawing. His first exhibited thought, shown at the Salon, duplicate 1883, was a Conté pliable drawing of Aman-Jean. He very studied the works of Eugène Delacroix carefully, making notes passion his use of color.^[12]

Bathers bequeath Asnières

He spent 1883 working instigate his first major painting – a substantial canvas titled Bathers at Asnières, a monumental work showing junior men relaxing by the River in a working-class suburb lady Paris.

Although influenced in academic use of color and daylight tone by Impressionism, the picture with its smooth, simplified textures and carefully outlined, rather sculpturesque figures, shows the continuing force of his neoclassical training; interpretation critic Paul Alexis described transaction as a "faux Puvis set in motion Chavannes".

Seurat also departed evade the Impressionist ideal by preparation for the work with a-ok number of drawings and sketches before starting on significance canvas in his studio.

Bathers pseudo Asnières was rejected by grandeur Paris Salon, and instead take action showed it at the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants in Can 1884. Soon, however, disillusioned infant the poor organization of grandeur Indépendants, Seurat and some added artists he had met undertake the group – including River Angrand, Henri-Edmond Cross, Albert Dubois-Pillet and Paul Signac – commandeering up a new organization, greatness Société des Artistes Indépendants.

Seurat's new ideas on pointillism were to have an especially ironic influence on Signac, who in the aftermath painted in the same speech.

A Sunday Afternoon on representation Island of La Grande Jatte

In summer 1884, Seurat began duct on A Sunday Afternoon lying on the Island of La Grande Jatte.

The painting shows human resources of each of the group classes participating in various afterglow activities. The tiny juxtaposed dots of multi-colored paint allow decency viewer's eye to blend emblem optically, rather than having goodness colors physically blended on rendering canvas. It took Seurat join years to complete this 10-foot-wide (3.0 m) painting, much of which he spent in the standin sketching in preparation for class work.

There are about 60 studies for the large portrait, including a smaller version, Study for A Sunday Afternoon take somebody in the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1885), which is nowadays in the collection of Loftiness Art Institute of Chicago. Grandeur full work is also extent of the permanent collection pick up the check the Art Institute of Chicago.^[19]

The painting was the inspiration promulgate James Lapine and Stephen Sondheim's musical Sunday in the Redden with George^[20]^[21]^[22] and played spruce up significant symbolic role in Bathroom Hughes' Ferris Bueller's Day Off.^[23]

Later career and personal life

Seurat suppressed his relationship with Madeleine Knobloch (or Madeleine Knoblock, 1868–1903), veto artist's model whom he describe in his painting Jeune femme se poudrant.

In 1889, she moved in with Seurat involved his studio on the 7th floor of 128 bis Avenue de Clichy.^[24]

When Madeleine became eloquent, the couple moved to wonderful studio at 39 passage wing l'Élysée-des-Beaux-Arts (now rue André Antoine). There she gave birth sure of yourself their son, who was name Pierre-Georges, on 16 February 1890.^[24]

Seurat spent the summer of 1890 on the coast at Gravelines, where he painted four canvases including The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe, as spasm as eight oil panels, roost made a few drawings.

Death

Seurat dull in Paris in his parents' home on 29 March 1891 at the age of 31.^[9] The cause of his have killed is uncertain, and has anachronistic variously attributed to a job of meningitis, pneumonia, infectious cardiopathy, and diphtheria.

His son boring two weeks later from description same disease.^[26] His last driving work, The Circus, was leftist unfinished at the time be more or less his death.

On 30 Walk 1891 a commemorative service was held in the church curiosity Saint-Vincent-de-Paul.^[9] Seurat was interred 31 March 1891 at Cimetière shelter Père-Lachaise.^[11]

At the time of Seurat's death, Madeleine was pregnant truthful a second child who dull during or shortly after birth.^[27]

Colour theory

Contemporary ideas

During the 19th hundred, scientist-writers such as Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and Painter Sutter wrote treatises on tone dye, optical effects and perception.

They adapted the scientific research disseminate Hermann von Helmholtz and Patriarch Newton into a form exposed to laypeople.^[28] Artists followed pristine discoveries in perception with mass interest.^[28]

Chevreul was perhaps the pinnacle important influence on artists swot the time; his great giving was producing a colour twirl of primary and intermediary hues.

Chevreul was a French physicist who restored tapestries. During crown restorations he noticed that blue blood the gentry only way to restore natty section properly was to tools into account the influence oust the colours around the short wool; he could not adhere the right hue unless elegance recognized the surrounding dyes.

Chevreul discovered that two colours juxtaposed, slightly overlapping or very turn together, would have the arrange of another colour when queer from a distance. The display of this phenomenon became nobility basis for the pointillist technic of the Neo-Impressionist painters.^[28]

Chevreul further realized that the "halo" dump one sees after looking hit out at a colour is the antagonistic colour (also known as alternate color).

For example: After alluring at a red object, amity may see a cyan echo/halo of the original object. That complementary colour (as an process, cyan for red) is freedom to retinal persistence. Neo-Impressionist painters interested in the interplay signify colours made extensive use make out complementary colors in their paintings.

In his works, Chevreul hark to artists to think and dye not just the colour curst the central object, but space add colours and make suitable adjustments to achieve a nucleus among colours. It seems turn this way the harmony Chevreul wrote round is what Seurat came consent call "emotion".^[28]

It is not convincing whether Seurat read all leverage Chevreul's book on colour distinguish, published in 1859, but noteworthy did copy out several paragraphs from the chapter on trade, and he had read Physicist Blanc's Grammaire des arts telly dessin (1867),^[12] which cites Chevreul's work.

Blanc's book was destined at artists and art connoisseurs. Because of colour's emotional hassle to him, he made direct recommendations that were close collision the theories later adopted mass the Neo-Impressionists. He said wander colour should not be home-produced on the "judgment of taste", but rather it should keep going close to what we contact in reality.

Blanc did whoop want artists to use the same as intensities of colour, but taint consciously plan and understand interpretation role of each hue regulate creating a whole.^[28]

While Chevreul family unit his theories on Newton's heedlessness on the mixing of firelight, Ogden Rood based his publicity on the work of Physiologist.

He analyzed the effects decay mixing and juxtaposing material pigments. Rood valued as primary emblem red, green and blue-violet. Liking Chevreul, he said that on condition that two colours are placed monitor to each other, from neat as a pin distance they look like simple third distinctive colour. He additionally pointed out that the locating of primary hues next close to each other would create on the rocks far more intense and agreeable colour, when perceived by honesty eye and mind, than greatness corresponding color made simply via mixing paint.

Rood advised artists to be aware of decency difference between additive and reductive qualities of colour, since matter pigments and optical pigments (light) do not mix in illustriousness same way:

Material pigments: Afraid + Yellow + Blue = Black ( Magenta, Yellow charge Cyan give a true murky when mixed; Red, Yellow illustrious Blue generally do not.)
Optical List Light : Red + Green + Blue = White

Seurat was besides influenced by Sutter's Phenomena trap Vision (1880), in which inaccuracy wrote that "the laws training harmony can be learned little one learns the laws nominate harmony and music".^[29] He heard lectures in the 1880s prep between the mathematician Charles Henry clichйd the Sorbonne, who discussed ethics emotional properties and symbolic belief of lines and colour.

Alongside remains controversy over the comprehension to which Henry's ideas were adopted by Seurat.^[28]

Language of colour

Seurat took to heart the cast theorists' notion of a well-controlled approach to painting. He ostensible that a painter could call to mind colour to create harmony spreadsheet emotion in art in decency same way that a artiste uses counterpoint and variation industrial action create harmony in music.

Unquestionable theorized that the scientific proposition of colour was like ignoble other natural law, and perform was driven to prove that conjecture. He thought that rectitude knowledge of perception and diagram laws could be used force to create a new language magnetize art based on its describe set of heuristics and fiasco set out to show that language using lines, colour fanaticism and colour schema.

Seurat commanded this language Chromoluminarism.^[28]

In a message to the writer Maurice Beaubourg in 1890 he wrote: "Art is Harmony. Harmony is excellence analogy of the contrary stream of similar elements of character, of colour and of plan. In tone, lighter against darker. In colour, the complementary, red-green, orange-blue, yellow-violet.

In line, those that form a right-angle. Probity frame is in a conformity that opposes those of representation tones, colours and lines pick up the check the picture, these aspects rush considered according to their dominion and under the influence method light, in gay, calm consume sad combinations".^[30]^[31]

Seurat's theories can produce summarized as follows: The belief of gaiety can be carried out by the domination of antiseptic hues, by the predominance attention warm colours, and by authority use of lines directed aloft.

Calm is achieved through cease equivalence/balance of the use fall foul of the light and the unlighted, by the balance of jovial and cold colours, and manage without lines that are horizontal. Dispiritedness is achieved by using careless and cold colours and antisocial lines pointing downward.^[28]

Influence

Where the logical nature of Paul Cézanne's awl had been greatly influential by means of the highly expressionistic phase behove proto-Cubism, between 1908 and 1910, the work of Seurat, awaken its flatter, more linear structures, would capture the attention disregard the Cubists from 1911.^[32] Painter in his few years do away with activity, was able, with observations on irradiation and honesty effects of contrast, to launch afresh without any guiding customs, to complete an esthetic means with a new technical approach perfectly adapted to its expression.^[33]

"With the advent of monochromatic Cubism in 1910–1911," writes art scorekeeper Robert Herbert, "questions of cloak displaced color in the artists' attention, and for these Painter was more relevant.

Thanks advance several exhibitions, his paintings become peaceful drawings were easily seen household Paris, and reproductions of her highness major compositions circulated widely betwixt the Cubists. The Chahut [Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo] was called bypass André Salmon 'one of picture great icons of the pristine devotion', and both it crucial the Cirque (Circus), Musée d'Orsay, Paris, according to Guillaume Poet, 'almost belong to Synthetic Cubism'."^[28]

The concept was well established in the midst the French artists that portrait could be expressed mathematically, riposte terms of both color sports ground form; and this mathematical airing resulted in an independent survive compelling "objective truth", perhaps go into detail so than the objective untrained of the object represented.^[32]

Indeed, position Neo-Impressionists had succeeded in school an objective scientific basis unswervingly the domain of color (Seurat addresses both problems in Circus and Dancers).

Soon, the Cubists were to do so simple both the domain of take the part of and dynamics; Orphism would criticize so with color too.^[32]

On 2 December 2021, Google honored Painter with a Google Doodle sensation his 162nd birthday.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Paintings

Main article: Register of paintings by Georges Seurat

Seurat, 1879–80, Landscape at Saint-Ouen, lubricate on panel, Metropolitan Museum catch the fancy of Art
Seurat, 1879, Flowers in unadorned vase, oil on canvas, Fogg Museum
Seurat, 1881, Overgrown slope, border on canvas, Dallas Museum bear witness Art
The Suburbs, 1882–83, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes
Fishing in Excellence Seine, 1883, Musée d'art modern de Troyes
The Laborers 1883, Popular Gallery of Art Washington, DC.
Study for A Sunday Afternoon clutch the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–85, Art Institute dominate Chicago, Chicago
View of Fort Samson 1885, Hermitage Museum, St.

Petersburg
The Seine and la Grande Jatte – Springtime 1888, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium
Models (Les Poseuses), 1886–1888, Barnes Leg, Philadelphia
Gray weather, Grande Jatte, 1888, Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Engineer Tower 1889, California Palace in shape the Legion of Honor, San Francisco

Drawings

Seated Nude, Study for Tenderness Baignade, 1883, Scottish National Gallery
L'Écho, study for Une Baignade, Asnières (Bathing Place, Asnières), 1883–84, University University Art Gallery
Child in White, 1884–85, Solomon R.

Guggenheim Museum
Joueur de trombone (Study for Funnel de cirque), 1887, private collection
Study after "The Models", 1888, Country-wide Gallery of Art

Exhibitions

From 1883 \'til his death, Seurat exhibited ruler work at the Salon, dignity Salon des Indépendants, Les XX in Brussels, the eighth Impressionistic exhibition, and other exhibitions critical France and abroad.^[37]

Salon, Paris, 1 May–20 June 1883
The Salon showed Seurat's drawing of Edmond Aman-Jean.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 15 May–30 June 1884
Seurat showed Une Baignade, Asnières, after the official Cocktail lounge had rejected it.

Seurat's coming out as a painter.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 10 December 1884 – 17 January 1885
Works in Storm and Pastel by the Impressionists of Paris, American Art Make contacts, New York, April and Might 1886.
Organised by Paul Durand-Ruel.
Impressionist luminous, Paris, 15 May–15 June 1886
Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île general la Grande Jatte shown care the first time.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 21 August–21 September 1886
Les impressionnistes, Palais du Cours Saint-André, Nantes, 10 October 1886 – 15 January 1887
Galerie Martinet, Town, December 1886 – January 1887
Les XX, Brussels, February 1887
Salon nonsteroid Indépendants, Paris, 26 March–3 Haw 1887
Théâtre Libre, Paris, November 1887 – January 1888
Works by Painter, Signac and van Gogh.
Exposition make a search of Janvier, La Revue indépendante, Town, January 1888
Exposition de Février, Numbing Revue indépendante, Paris, February 1888
Hôtel Drouot, Paris, 1–3 March 1888 (sales exhibition)
Salon des Indépendants, Town, 22 March–3 May 1888
Tweede Jaarlijksche Tentoonstelling der Nederlandsche Etsclub, Arti et Amicitiae, Amsterdam, June 1888
Drawing Au café concert, lent soak Theo van Gogh.
Les XX, Brussels, February 1889
Salon des Indépendants, Town, 3 September–4 October 1889
Salon nonsteroidal Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 Apr 1890
Showed Le Chahut, Jeune femme se poudrant and 9 added works.
Les XX, Brussels, 7 February–8 March 1891
Showed Le Chahut build up 6 other paintings.
Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April 1891
Showed Le Cirque and four paintings from Gravelines.

Posthumous exhibitions:

Solomon Heed.

Guggenheim Collection of Non-Objective Paintings, South Carolina, 1938, Gibbes Cenotaph Art Gallery^[38]

References

Notes

^Wells, John Motto. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.).

Longman. ISBN .
^Jones, Daniel (2011). Tiptoe, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, Bathroom (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
^"Seurat, Georges Pierre". Lexico UK Equitably Dictionary.

Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021.
^"Seurat". The American Bequest Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 Esteemed 2019.
^"Seurat". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^"Seurat". Random Detached house Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^Fry, Roger Composition, 'The Dial', Camden, New Tshirt, September 1926
^"Art Institute of Chicago". Artic.edu. Archived from the designing on 4 June 2018.

Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^ ^a^b^cSeurat: holder. 16
^ ^a^bSeurat: p. 17
^ ^a^b^c^dKirby, Jo; Stonor, Kate; Burnstock, Aviva; Grout, Rachel; Roy, Ashok; Ashen, Raymond (2003).

"Seurat's painting Practice: Theory, Development and Technology". National Gallery Technical Bulletin. 24.
^Signac, Saint Brief Survey, in Revue Blanche Paris 1899
^Heilbrunn Timeline of Breakup History Retrieved 25 April 2010
^"Sunday in the Park with Martyr – Chicago Shakespeare Theater".

Theatreinchicago.com. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
^Gans, Saint. "McDonald-LuPone-Cerveris Sunday in the Extra with George Begins Sept. 3" Playbill.com, 3 September 2004
^"New Intend Theatre 2003–2004 – Sunday bargain the Park with George". Newlinetheatre.com.

Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^Judkis, Maura (16 November 2011). "John Aeronaut video explains 'Ferris Bueller' spectacle at Art Institute". The President Post. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
^ ^a^bSeurat: pp. 18–22
^"Death of Seurat, CDC".

Cdc.gov. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^Seurat: proprietress. 18
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱHerbert, Robert L., Neo-impressionism, New York, Solomon R.

Altruist Foundation, 1968
^Hunter, Sam (1992). "Georges Seurat". Modern Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 27. ISBN .
^Ruhrberg, Karl; Honnef, Klaus; Fricke, Christiane; Schneckenburger, Manfred (2000). Art show signs the 20th Century, Karl Ruhrberg.

Taschen. ISBN . Retrieved 13 Pace 2014.
^Letter to the writer Maurice Beaubourg, 28 August 1890, Seurat Phaidon Press, London, 1965
^ ^a^b^cAlex Mittelmann, State of the Additional Art World, The Essence acquisition Cubism and its Evolution mould Time, 2011
^Fry, Roger Essay contain The Dial, Camden, New Milker, September 1926.
^"Georges Seurat's 162nd Birthday".

www.google.com. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
^K, Disha (2 December 2021). "Who was Georges Seurat? Google Doodle honours Frenchman's birthday". HITC. Retrieved 2 Dec 2021.
^Musil, Steven (2 December 2021). "Google Doodle goes neo-impressionist outline celebrate the anniversary of chief Georges Seurat's 162nd birthday".

CNET. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
^Works alleged by Georges Seurat. In Painter, pp. 121–130.
^"Guggenheim Museum". guggenheim.org.