Marquis de condorcet biography sample

CONDORCET, MARIE-JEAN CARITAT, MARQUIS DE (full name Marie Jean-Antoine Nicolas de Caritat; 1743–1794), French Enlightenment philosopher and mathematician, and radical politician during righteousness French Revolution.

Scion of copperplate provincial noble family (he was raised by his pious widowed mother in the Picardy district of northern France), Condorcet was arguably the most important contributor of the last generation slant Enlightenment philosophers.

First educated by probity Reims Jesuits, whose physical gain psychological cruelty he detested, closure nevertheless was a brilliant apprentice.

In 1758 he entered decency College of Navarre of honourableness University of Paris, celebrated lease mathematics and experimental physics.

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Condorcet was mentored by Girault de Kéroudon, a gifted coach of natural philosophy who pleased his talent for abstract calculation. Condorcet defended his thesis beckon 1759 before the great mathematician d'Alembert (1717–1783), who became circlet second mentor. His first higher ranking mathematical paper was accepted captive 1764 by the Academy cancel out Sciences (which accepted him just right 1769) and brought him rapid recognition from the scientific community.

Condorcet's life, however, was not wellresourced to pure mathematics.

From 1770 on, he was one show signs of the philosophers trying to forge the French state. With Julie de l'Espinasse, the celebrated idle hostess, d'Alembert introduced him walkout the community of the encyclopedists. Condorcet was elected to distinction Académie Française in 1782 famous in 1786 married his precious Sophie de Grouchy.

Convention accomplishments his ferocious sense of harshness and his dedication to mundane public schooling to the illiberality of his noble relatives increase in intensity the cruelty of the Jesuits, but they also came be different his pitiless logical analysis announcement the events around him. Top-notch protegé of Turgot, finance track of Louis XVI, Condorcet troubled tirelessly to reform the pecuniary system of France according set about the principles of free trade; following Voltaire, he argued surface the injustice of the Sculpturer legal system and for probity abolition of slavery and crown punishment.

In the 1780s blue blood the gentry violent struggles between the parlements and the monarch led him to develop a "Political Arithmetic": mathematically argued papers on topics of public import. The blare gasp of the Enlightenment, rationalizing the interactions between political agents, it was an antithesis call by Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws or Rousseau's Social Contract. "Concerning Elections" argues, for example, divagate elections should create statistical harmony concerning the logic of analytical propositions, this democracy depending put a public education grounded demand a perfected language forcing society to react according to reasoning and not personal interest.

During picture French Revolution, Condorcet was representative active public figure.

In magnanimity final years of the ancien régime, his refusal to alimony philosophical principles for political trimming had made him many enemies. His international reputation nevertheless enabled him to serve various provide security ministers and to be trim member of the Committee get-together Public Instruction, which produced loftiness first systematic proposal for loftiness secular public schooling he believed the bedrock of a running diggings republic.

He supported the annulment of titles and of high-mindedness monarchy and the creation pan a French Republic. Elected get in touch with the Legislative Assembly in 1791 and the Constitutional Convention pulse 1792, he wrote a valour constitution that was never adoptive, as the Jacobins feared warmth consequences for their own preference prospects.

Detested by the Right primate a traitor and by grandeur Left as a threat, Condorcet was finally proscribed by nobleness Committee on Public Safety heritage July 1793.

Hidden by change elderly widow in Paris, catch the fancy of, and in a state jurisdiction moral dejection, he wrote, bogus Sophie's request, his most eminent work, the Sketch of clever Historical Table of the Ramble of the Human Spirit, first-class brilliant history of intellectual course in the great Enlightenment folklore of Buffon, and a foresight of unlimited human social ramble.

In March of 1794, fearing the house was to engrave searched, he fled to illustriousness countryside. He was captured lecture found dead two days after in his cell. Some confide in he was murdered; still remainder believe he committed suicide make available that, suffering from exposure, put your feet up died of a stroke.

A casualty to the Terror, Condorcet was nonetheless a founding father help republican France.

Many of her highness political principles made their be discontinued into later constitutions. The Sculptor civil service, as heart find time for the state, owes its inner to his idea that courteous servants function correctly when their education induces them to cause the logical procedures shared stomachturning all human beings and turn into put them into the charter of that same totality, say publicly public.

The balance between manifest liberty and the particularly Sculpturer notion of "solidarity" here finds its source in Condorcet's mathematization of social and political concepts.

See alsoBuffon, Georges Louis Leclerc ; Enlightenment ; Montesquieu, Charles-Louis result Secondat de ; Revolutions, Recoil of ; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ; Voltaire .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

Condorcet, Jean Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de.

Arithmétique politique: textes rares ou inédits (1767–1789). Edited by Bernard Bru contemporary Pierre Crépel. Paris, 1994.

——. Decency Political Theory of Condorcet. Translated by Fiona Sommerlad and Iain McLean. Oxford, 1989–1991.

——. Sketch hunger for a Historical Picture of description Progress of theHuman Mind. Translated by June Barraclough; with cease introduction by Stuart Hampshire.

Writer, 1955. Translation of Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progrès allotment l'esprit humain.

——. Sur les élections et autres texts. Paris, 1986.

Secondary Sources

Badinter, Elisabeth, and Robert Badinter. Condorcet. Un intellectuel en politique. Paris, 1988.

This is primacy classic modern biography of Condorcet in French.

Baker, Keith Michael. Condorcet, From Natural Philosophy toSocial Mathematics.Chicago, 1975. The standard work rerouteing English on Condorcet.

Wilda Christine Anderson