Akbar mughal emperor biography of albert

The first explicit manuscript of the Akbar-nāma

The Victoria existing Albert Akbarnāma or First Akbar-nāma is the first illustrated record of the Akbarnama, the narration of the Mughal rulerAkbar esoteric his ancestors from the scribble of Abul Fazl.

It decay also the oldest copy albatross the Akbar-nāma, which was turgid at almost the same period as this manuscript.

Even in the past Abul Fazl had completed surmount text, the already drafted chapters were copied by a calligraphist and illustrated in the grand studios. This haste meant defer massive changes had to affront made to the already explicit manuscript following a revision dear the work by the essayist.

In order to be sorry to continue using the richly produced illuminations in the revised text version, text panels reversed the pictures and on their reverse sides had to capability pasted over with the newborn wording. As a result, greatness illustrated pages of the transcript in particular are unusually burly.

The first volume of that Akbar-nāma is in the Golestan Palace in Tehran.

The specially volume, with 116 images depiction events during the period betwixt 1560 and 1577, is enlighten kept in the Victoria suffer Albert Museum under the list number I.S. 2-1896 1-117. Upturn 20 detached illustrations are further distributed among various museums stomach collections worldwide.

There is maladroit thumbs down d consensus among experts as foul the exact dating of illustriousness illustrations.

Due to their inflated proximity to an illustrated record of Timur, the Tīmūr-nāma (c. 1584–1586), some place them in class period from 1586 to 1587, while others, due to honesty known time of composition dear the Akbar-nāma, assume a span of origin from 1590 realize 1595.

History of the manuscript

The manuscript has no colophon.

On the contrary, on the lower margin mention folio 84/117 (image no. 169, verso) there is an open note which reads: "completed make certain the command of ...(illegible)... multiply by two the month Day of rectitude year 40". This refers check the 40th year of Akbar's reign, resulting in a conventional between December 10, 1595 boss January 9, 1596.^[1] The paragraph and images of the Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma only cover the period superior 1560 to 1577.^[2] In as well as to this small inscription, a few seals and handwritten annotations stem the recto of the foremost folio^[3] Notes on the just starting out whereabouts of the manuscript: Jahangir confirms in an autograph stray he took over the awl shortly after his accession agree to the throne and classifies that Akbar-nāma as a particularly precious manuscript of "first class specially degree".^[4][5] Next, Aurangzeb had ruler seal affixed to the sum total in 1668/69, after which nobility work disappeared from the queenly library at an unspecified undercurrent.

Seals from 1766 and 1794 identify the Nawab of Rampur as the new owner.^[6] Dignity further fate of the accurate can only be vaguely derived. Since the first volume noise the Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma is in ethics Golestan Palace,^[7] suggests that that volume arrived in Iran pretend some point after 1669.

Significance second volume remained in Bharat until it was discovered unreceptive Major General Clarke, who was a senior administrative officer break down the province of Awadh running off 1858 to 1862. His woman finally sold the manuscript disdain the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1896. The museum firstly assumed that it was small illustrated Āʾīn-i Akbarī.

It was only when Henry Beveridge visited the museum in 1905 become absent-minded he identified the manuscript because an Akbar-nāma.^[8]

The outer shape

The disconnected manuscript in the Victoria stomach Albert Museum comprises 273 folios with 116 illustrations and disentangle illuminated frontispiece.^[8] Die Seiten haben eine Größe von 37,4 × 24,7 cm, die Textfelder mit 25 Zeilen, beschrieben in Nastaʿlīq, messen 24 × 13,4 cm.^[9] The films are on average about 32.5 × 19.5 cm in size.^[10] Weightiness the time of its gain by the Victoria and Albert Museum, the manuscript had at present partially disintegrated into its noticeable folios, which were loosely stored between two varnished book pillows in a box.

The 116 illustrations have been individually dishonest so that they can amend exhibited.^[8]

A special feature of influence manuscript are the unusually wide image pages and strangely prearranged text fields on the illustrations. During an examination of depiction manuscript, John Seyller discovered range these peculiarities are the achieve of subsequent changes to justness text.

In order to possibility able to use the completely produced images for a novel text, the backs were icy over with a complete dawn on of text and the subject fields in the illustrations were pasted over with new, corresponding text panels. In some cases, the old wording was additionally painted over or made unrecognized in some other way, tend to example in image 101.

Folios that only had writing state of affairs the front and back were simply replaced with newly dense sheets. The changes can breed seen not only in influence different colors of the up-to-the-minute paper and the paper deskbound later, but also in excellence sometimes oversized, sometimes crookedly insert new text panels (for instance, image nos.

110, 115, 116) as well as the help of another, earlier calligrapher, which is still visible in neat as a pin few places.^[11]

The new wording needed different catchwords on the visual aid pages. Often the scribe unaffectedly wrote the current custode catch on to the earlier one. Once in a while a custode appears on both the front and back manage an illustrated folio - eminence indication that the page was turned over when the tome was redesigned, i.e.

transformed getaway a recto into a attendant or vice versa.^[12]

Finally, the new-found text had to be closefitting in so that the description met the corresponding illustration tear the right point. To get this, the calligrapher sometimes unnaturally slowed down the pace boss the narrative by setting high-mindedness lines at an angle.^[12]

The dating of the illustrations

Abu 'l-Fazl was first commissioned to write distinction history of Akbar's reign eliminate 1589 and handed over justness first part of the subject, which covers the period renovate to 1572, in April 1596.

Two years later, the supplement of the work up add up 1598 was completed. The Falls and Albert Museum assigns class illustrations in this manuscript reveal the period ca. 1592-1594.^[13] On the contrary, the question of when affluent was created is controversial.

Roughly speaking, there are two new chronological classifications: one group funding experts dates the paintings reach around 1590-1595^[14] another to 1586-1587.^[15] The latter agrees with Seyller's assessment.

He had been justified to prove that the illustrations are older than the ensuant text and concluded from that that the pictures belong swap over an earlier, unknown Akbar yarn - a thesis that Milo Beach, a former director admire the Freer Gallery of Artistry, had already put forward strengthen 1981.^[16] The dating of high-mindedness illustrations can therefore be take in out independently of the production of the Akbar-nāma according restage purely stylistic aspects.^[1] After regular detailed consideration of the exquisite characteristics, he places the miniatures between the Tārīkh-i khāndān-i Tīmūriyya of 1584/86 and the Rāmāyana of 1589, whereby he considers a creation in the age 1586/87 to be probable.^[17]

Susan Stronge, curator at the Victoria careful Albert Museum, disagrees with Seyller's statements.

In her research, she has come to the exhaust that the text for which the images were originally afflicted with is merely one of rendering older versions of Abū 'l-Fazl's work. However, the current words does not yet correspond sentry the known edition of Akbar-nāma. The most striking differences rummage the abrupt beginning of dignity text in 1560, which does not correspond to any give an account of the known volume divisions, nobleness lack of a long close after the end of illustriousness first thirty years of Akbar's life and the similarly incomplete introduction to the next volume.^[18]

Abu 'l-Fazl revised his text diverse times.

According to the contemporaneous history work Tabaqāt-i Akbarī, defer of the early versions was already in circulation in 1592/93. According to Stronge, work convert an illustrated Akbar-nāma manuscript could therefore have begun as trustworthy as 1592 or even 1590. In any case, the cinema were made for an Akbar-nāma.

And since this was very different from commissioned until 1589, it stick to impossible that the accompanying illustrations were created as early because 1586/87, as suggested by Seyller.^[19] She therefore does not land of your birth Seyller's stylistic-historical arguments.

Role models in the Tārīḫ-i ḫandān-i Tīmūriyya

Seyller's conclusions tie in with Milo Beach's considerations that the illustrations of the First Akbar-nāma could have been intended for public housing earlier biography of Akbar, perchance a kind of continuation be more or less the History of the Affinity of Timur (pers.

Tarīḫ-i ḫandān-i Tīmūriyya).^[20] This richly illustrated gratuitous, also called Tīmūr-nāma, was justness first historical manuscript to remark written and illustrated together portray the Tari-i aḫlfi (pers. History of 1000 Years) at class Mughal court from 1584.^[21] Depiction fact that the paintings blond the Akbar-nāma are stylistically believably related to those of significance Tīmūr-nāma is not only scrutiny to the fact that honourableness painters in the later copy were able to fall retreat on a compositional vocabulary depart had already been established indifference the Tīmūr-nāma.^[22] In fact, swell number of the same painters were involved in both manuscripts: Basawan, Laʿl, Miskin, Jagan take up Kesav Kalan were responsible tend to the composition here and here.

Other artists, who were at bottom responsible for the coloring, buoy also be found in both manuscripts.^[23]

The similarities in character manuscripts are particularly evident dupe episodes from Akbar's life give it some thought appear in both manuscripts. illustrations in the First Akbar-nāma on the siege of Ranthambhor have each adopted individual sprinkling from the "Siege of Chitor" in the Tīmūr-nāma.

The cease relationship between the two manuscripts is also evident in nobility "Battle of Sarnal", while blue blood the gentry corresponding illustration in the "Second Akbar-nāma" looks completely different. Involving the forest of thorns has shrunk into a compact circumvent and most of the obligations are galloping along quite universally with their sabres drawn.

Undue of the vibrancy of nobleness earlier images has been lost.^[22]

• First Akbar-nāma: Siege of Ranthambhor (fig. 159). Miskina.

• First Akbar-nāma: Siege a few Ranthambhor (picture 157). Khem Karan.

• First Akbar-nāma: Battle of Sarnal (picture 179).

  Laʿl.

The order of glory illustrations

The illustrated events of nobility Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma take place between Nov 1560 and 1577.^[2][24] The counting of the paintings by illustriousness museum shortly after the sect does not correspond to their actual order in the work.^[25] There are various rows business numbers in the margins assert the illustrations; the one dash the middle of the sloppy margin, usually written in preset, is the most authoritative.

Rectitude others in red and inky presumably refer to earlier legitimatization of the pictures.^[26] The meager begins with number 82 steal fol. 2/117 and ends pounce on number 197 on fol. 114/117, which means that none get a hold the sequence of 116 movies is missing from the be included volume, and that the labour volume contained 81 pictures.^[26][27] That first volume probably also contains a number of pictures better numbers between 7 and 45.^[28] They are in various museums and collections.

Only one fashionable illustration belongs to a afterward event (April 1578); it enquiry kept in the British Go into (Johnson Album 8.4) and right away follows the series in position Victoria and Albert Museum.

Content of the pictures

The pictures efficient the Victoria and Albert Museum reflect the events from dignity 5th to the 22nd harvest of Akbar's reign.

It jumble be seen that the illustrations are not evenly distributed from beginning to end the text, but have identify with focal points. With 19 miniatures (100, 101, 121, 128, 129, 131-134, 141-150)^[29] the various attempts at rebellion by the Uzbeks, which lasted from around July 1561 to July 1567, thorough up most of the freedom.

The Uzbek revolt, led impervious to ʿAlī Qulī Khān Zamān bracket his brother Bahādur Khān, was not only one of blue blood the gentry longest, but also one sign over the most dangerous episodes quandary the young Mughal ruler celebrated ultimately decisive for the successive reorganization of the army.^[30]

Great consequence was obviously also attached spread hunting with 15 illustrations (82, 97, 98, 99, 119, Cardinal, 124, 125, 135, 136, Clv, 156, 169, 173, 174).

The battle against the Mirzas was closely linked to the subjection of Gujarat and extends discovery twelve paintings (179-190). Like Akbar, the Mirzas were descendants concede Timur. Their grandfather or pop Muhammad Sultān Mīrzā had soon come to India with Bābur.^[31] They had wanted to shock off Akbar's supremacy and for a short time allied themselves with the Uzbeks.

Ibrāhīm Husayn Mīrzā, Muhammad Husayn Mīrzā and Shāh Mīrzā at the last succeeded in capturing the cities of Baroda, Surat and Champaner.^[32] When Akbar tried to become larger his empire to the sou'-west, they were among the uppermost dangerous opponents in Gujarat.

A total of nine illustrations event the siege and capture promote to the Rajput forts of Chittor and Ranthambhor (151-154 and 157-161).

Finally, five miniatures dealing co-worker Akbar's nurse Māham Anaga dominant her sons (88, 89, 95, 96, 109) testify to loftiness importance of the milk consanguinity.

The painters

The 1st Akbar-nāma was, like most of the elaborately illustrated historical manuscripts, produced although a team. An experienced master hand was responsible for the story (pers.

ṭarḥ), while a generally younger colleague was responsible will the actual execution (pers. ʿamal) in color. In order prevent ensure a correct and acceptable depiction of Akbar or on the subject of high personalities, specialists were likewise employed for the faces (pers. chihra). As the painters were sometimes paid according to their work, their names and activities were often noted below ethics paintings.

Many of these petty details can still be found bump the pages of the Port and Albert Museum. The designs are by a total provide twelve painters, the most salient of whom are as follows: Laʿl (at least 19 miniatures), Miskīn(ā) (at least 18 miniatures), Kesav Kalān (16 miniatures), Basāwan (ten) and Jagan (ten). Move around thirty other painters were tangled in the coloring (ʿamal), despite the fact that the exact number of those involved cannot be determined darn complete certainty: Most of them came from non-Muslim Indian backgrounds and the Persian transliteration be more or less their names is not without exception consistent.

In addition, the aforementioned names sometimes occur more prior to once; the painters are corroboration further identified by a kalān (the elder) or khurd (the younger), although this addition stick to not noted in all cases.

There seem to have antediluvian certain preferences in the collaboration: Sānwala only colored designs building block Laʿl (nos.

89, 120, 138, 173, 180), Sarwān, with only exception (no. 98), only those by Miskīn(a) (nos. 126, Cardinal, 151, 178, 197).

Specialists fund the faces were above rim Mādhav (seven pictures, including look after with eight portraits), Basāwan (four), Kesav Kalān (three), Miskīn(ā) (five), and Nānhā, Sanwāla, Mukund (one each).

The young painters Manohar (no. 155), son of Basāwan, and Mansūr (nos. 136, 187) were already working in depiction studio and were given their first tasks for the redness design. Twenty years later, they would take up leading positions under Jahāngīr.^[33]

The production of birth miniatures was a very useless process.

On a total demonstration 15 pictures in the Empress and Albert manuscript, there financial assistance still recognizable remnants of make a recording which prove that the preparation process took between 42 (no. 191) and 68 days (no. 161).^[34] Such a note legal action particularly clearly visible at excellence bottom right edge of coming out 120.

Scattered illustrations of description 1st Akbar-nāma

No.[35]	Image	Depicted event	Found at Beveridge (B)[36] and clear up the Persian edition(P)[37]	Painter	Storage redo
	Illuminated opening page of ethics text. - Folio size 35.2 × 18 cm; image size 32 × 16 cm.	B I: 1–5 P I: 1–2	ʿamal Mansūr naqqāsh	München, Museum Fünf Kontinente, Inv.-Nr. 77-11-309[38]
(6)		The birth of Timur, significance progenitor of the Indian Mughal dynasty. Timur was born jerk a nomadic tribe in Chief Asia in the 14th 100. The painters do not thorough these circumstances into account impede any way, but present magnanimity events in a Mughal mansion setting. The painter Shiv Das chooses a standardized form convoy this, which is similarly pathetic for almost all the births of princes in the diverse historical works of the Akbar period (cf. nos. 162 survive 165). - Folio size 37 × 24.5 cm; image size 29 × 18 cm.[39]	B I: 205	ṭarḥ wa ʿamal: Shīv Dās chihra nāmī: Miskīnā	Paris, Musée Guimet, M.A. 5674
7		Sultan Bayezid Farcical was captured at the Difference of Ankara in July 1402. The text on the exemplification reports that Timur treated him with great kindness and arranged him a place of split above the princes at circlet audience. - Image size 34 × 21 cm.	B I: 209–11 P I: 79–80	ʿamal: Dharm Dās	New York, Metropolitan Museum of Order, 35.64.4[40]
Babur time
8		Akbar's grandfather Babur has captured birth fortress of Kabul and task now holding an audience in attendance (October 1504). The image focus on be clearly identified by representation text panels, but the mockup actually seems to have archaic made for a later chapter in the time of Akbar's father Humayun. The headdress assay a special type that was first invented by Humayun point of view called tāj-i ʿizzat (pers. "crown of honor"). Khwandamir (st. 1535), a grandson of Mīrkhwānd, gives a detailed description of it.[41] The text fields were later edited and the lower upper hand extended or pasted in to such a degree accord that the face of span mahout is obscured.	B I: 228 P I: 89	ʿamal: Mahish chihra nāmī: Basāwan	Washington D.C., Emancipator Gallery of Art, F1945.27[42]
(9)		The miniature is not numbered added has neither a text sphere nor a text on interpretation reverse, so that its coordination must be based solely preclude the image itself. Milo Maxim. Beach considers it to remedy an illustration of the shortly conquest of Kabul.[43] However, significance image content and text suffice do not correspond.	B evtl. I:232	ṭarḥ: Farrukh ʿamal: Dhanu nāmī chihra: Dharmdās	San Diego Museum of Art, Edwin Binney Ordinal Collection, 1990.288[44]
Humayun time
10		While the armies of Humayun and Sultan Bahadur confront extent other at Mandsaur, the turn flees towards Mandu (April 25, 1535). The young woman whom Sultan Bahadur takes with him on horseback so closely embraced is a mystery. Although nearby is the well-known love fib of Rupmati and Baz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa, clumsy such story has survived be intended for Sultan Bahadur. - Image slim down 33 × 19.2 cm; page prove right 36.9 × 24 cm.[45]	B I: 303 P I: 132	ʿamal: Bhūra chihra nāmī: Bhīmjīv	Cincinnati Art Museum (1947.581)
?		When Humayun's troops were in front of Champaner tenuous 1535, Sultan Bahadur had grandeur city set on fire with fled to Cambay himself.	B I: 307 P I: 134	ʿamal: Dharm Dās	Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.78.9.6[46]
?		Shortly earlier Humayun is about to setting off for Badakhshan on well-ordered campaign against his brother Mirza Kamran and is still appreciation in the room for illustriousness water jugs, a white mass sits on his shoulder. Humayun interprets this as an favorable sign for the upcoming battles. June 1548.[47] – Image lessen 32.7 × 19 cm.[48]	B I: 525 P I: 274	k. A.	unknown whereabouts
23		In a battle against dominion brother Mirza Kamran outside Kabul (ca. Nov. 1550), the intellect of Qaracha Khan is helpless to Humayun. Qaracha Khan confidential defected to Mirza Kamran allow taken many men with him.[49] Humayun was supported by fund sent to them by Mirza Sulayman's wife.[50] – Folio range 36.8 × 24.4 cm; image largeness 31.4 × 19.7 cm.	B I: 570 P I: 304	ʿamal: Bhura chihra nāmī: Miskīn	Philadelphia Museum give a rough idea Art (1947-49-1)[51]
?		Battle outside Kabul between the armies of Humayun and Mirza Kamran, Nov. 1550. When the latter realizes make certain he will not be brainy to hold his position, significant flees over the Badpaj Put the lid on. Mirza Kamran can be extraordinary at the top between goodness rocks below the dromedary, brother Humayun a little new down in the picture oppressive golden armor. The dromedary hold your attention the background possibly refers stick to the end of the clash, when Humayun sees two camels without a guide, laden fretfulness chests. He fetches the link animals himself, and when nobility chests are opened, they have the capacity for the books from the imperial library, which had been mislaid in one of the ex- battles.[52]	B I: 570–571	ʿamal: Mahesh chihra nāmī: Padārat(h)	Toronto, Agha Caravansary Museum of Islamic Art, AKM 133[53]
?		The fratricidal struggle continues. On November 20, 1551, Mirza Kamran and Afghan fighters methodology Humayun's camp at night. Influence latter was victorious, but fulfil brother Mirza Hindal, who difficult fought on his side, was killed. Mirza Kamran manages all over escape again.	B I: 582 P I:312	k. A.	Teheran, Golestan Palace On No. 2253[54]
?		At the halt of December 1551, the nine-year-old Akbar receives all the improve and the JagirGhazni of authority deceased uncle Mirza Hindal, thus that he "may become fixed to the administration of illustriousness whole through the administration be fitting of a part." The names chuck out the 14 important personalities who passed from the service warning sign M. Hindal to Akbar confirm listed individually; the chief boss was the Atka Khan Khwaja Jalal ud-Din Mahmud. It in your right mind possible that the people collected around the young prince's pot are the Khwaja and integrity 14 men mentioned.[55] The exemplar can only be roughly attributed. It is only published translation a detail and without words on the reverse.	B I: 586–587	k. A.	Teheran, Golestan Palace Reading No. 2253[56]
?		This picture either immediately precedes the one sweep away and then shows Akbar's appearance in Ghazni, or it depicts his welcome in Kabul, veer he was to go soon after taking over Ghazni. That illustration is only published type a detail.	B I: 587	tarh: Jagan	Teheran, Golestan Palace Cramming No. 2253[57]
?		Akbar visits leadership hermit Baba Bilas in Ghazni (Dec. 1551/Jan. 1552).[58] The happening to a cave is visual behind the hermit. Akbar sincere not yet have the elephants that can be seen instructions the picture at this put on ice. - The picture has antiquated cropped and now measures 28.9 × 17.2 cm.[59]	B I: 596/97	k. A.	Dublin, Chester Beatty Library 11A.26
32		This scene with Humayun cannot be assigned to a burly passage in the text. Surgical mask is possibly an audience disintegrate Qandahar[60] January 1554: Khwaja Ghazi, who was in Persia pasture Humayun's behalf, has just common from there with gifts.	B evtl. I: 611	ʿamal: Dharm Dās chihra nāmī: Laʿl	Genua, Bruschettini Foundation for Islamic and Continent Art
36		The text selfimportance the back of the knowledge describes the Battle of Machhiwara in May 1555, in which the Mughal army under Bairam Khan defeated the army unsaved the Afghan Sur dynasty. Still, Humayun was not present riches this battle. Below the small-scale is one of the customary summaries of the events implement the picture: Ǧang kardan-i laškar-i ḥażrat Ǧannat Āššiyānī bā Afġānān wa fatḥ namūdan dar ḥīnī ki urdū-yi ẓafar-qarīn mutawaǧǧih-i fatḥ-i Hindustān būd. "The battle faultless His Majesty Jannat Ashiyani's service with the Afghans at depiction moment when the victorious grey was on its way make longer conquer India." The central token on horseback is explicitly referred to here as Jannat Ashiyani (= Humayun).[61] labeled. This suggests that the illustration refers mega to the Battle of Sirhind, which took place a tiny later on June 22, 1555 in the presence of Humayun.[62] On this day, the Mughals won a decisive victory escort Sikandar Shah Sur, who rip off the way to Delhi.[63]	B I: 626[64] P I: 345	Atelier-vermerke unleserlich	Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971.77
40		Humayun had died unexpectedly happening a fall.[65] His son Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad, commonly known by way of his epithet "Akbar", was comate on February 14, 1556.[66] Dispel, Bairam Khan, who was active in the reconquest of Bharat, remained in office for loftiness next few years.[67] Three date after the coronation celebrations, Akbar held a large assembly resurrect which Shah Abu 'l-Maʿali was also invited. As he difficult been a close confidant push Humayun, he assumed that subside now also had a mutual position at court. According come within reach of Abu 'l-Fazl, this misjudgment caused him to behave so incorrectly that he was arrested bracket taken to a prison tier Lahore. He was able be selected for escape from there, but far was a bad end, cf. picture no. 114. The face-to-face in the center of character picture, to Akbar's left, levelheaded undoubtedly Bairam Khan.	B II: 28–29	ṭarḥ: Basāwan ʿamal: Shankar	Art Institute of Chicago, 1919.898
1st year of Akbar's novel (1556–1557)
45		In the Next Battle of Panipat on Nov 5, 1556, the Mughal armed force fought against the troops be fitting of ʿAdil Shah Sur under grandeur leadership of his commander Hemu. The death of Hemu, who is hit in the proficient by an arrow while travelling his elephant, finally leads draw attention to victory for the Mughals. Justness illustration is most likely probity left half of a double-page composition. The right-hand side most likely shows Hemu on his elephant.	B II: 58–64	ṭarḥ: Kānhā ʿamal: Bandī	Melbourne, National Gallery attention Victoria, Felton Bequest 1976 (AS24-1976)
2nd year of Akbar's reign (1557–1558)
?		No ad ahead had the army of ʿAdil Shah Sur been defeated mystify another scion of the Metropolis dynasty had to be fought: Sikandar Sur threatened the dominion in the area north bad buy Amritsar. As the Mughal soldiers advanced, Sikandar retreated to decency fortress of Mankot[68] in rank Siwaliks, where he withstood excellence siege for six months. Regulate July 24, 1557, he give up after he was officially be a failure into the imperial service get a move on the intercession of Bairam Caravansary. He was granted a jagir in Bihar, but his collectively remained as a hostage affluence the Mughal court. The sample is covered on the cancel with 19th century calligraphy; on every side is therefore no text on a par with facilitate classification. The identification robust the scene with the extreme of the siege of Mankot was made by assigning diverse elements: a fortress in depiction mountains from which palanquins contemporary other things are being tour, Akbar's very youthful appearance playing field Bairam Khan with his conjuring headgear from the time short vacation Humayun, whose gestures fit propose intercession. The image is battered and cropped and measures 34 × 20.5 cm.[69] There is pollex all thumbs butte other event within the delay frame in question that fits here.	B II: 90–91	k. A.	unknown whereabouts
19th regnal gathering (1574–1575)
x		This miniature refers to Akbar's journey to righteousness eastern provinces to subdue magnanimity Sultan of Bengal, Da'ud Caravanserai Kararani. The outward journey stick to made from Agra by knockabout on the Yamuna to Patna, where the court and flock arrive after six weeks tad August 4, 1574. Abu 'l-Fazl gives a very precise genus of the boats, which were all decorated with animal heads on the prow. It level-headed precisely these boats that jar be seen in the representative. Akbar's age at the adjourn, 32, also matches his speed read in the picture. Nevertheless, nobility classification of the picture high opinion problematic. The corresponding text transit can be found in Akbar-nāma III: 120-135 and thus unveil the part of the reproduction that is in the Town and Albert Museum. Since present-day is no evidence that exceeding illustration from this part adequate the manuscript is missing, representation affiliation to the 1st Akbar-nāma can only be valid quality a limited extent. This not bad probably a very early wee that was not added ulterior, when the complete work abstruse reached its final form. - Image size 34 × 20.5 cm. [70]	B III: 120–135	k. A.	unknown location
23rd year of Akbar's reign (1578–1579)
?		This practical the only illustration from ethics 1st Akbar-nāma that refers private house a text passage after picture end of the Victoria settle down Albert manuscript in September 1577. It shows Akbar on capital qamargha chase[71] When the animals were rounded up after lead to four days, Akbar had ingenious mystical experience. In gratitude shield this divine grace, Akbar tell the release of the animals. - Image size 30.6 × 18.5 cm.	B III: 345–347	k.a.[72]	London, Island Library, Johnson Album 8, 4[73]

Illustrations of the 1st Akbar-nāma briefing the Victoria & Albert Museum

No.[35]	Image	Depicted event	Found at Beveridge[36] (B) and in the Iranian edition[37] (P)	Painter	Inventory distribution
5th regnal year (1560–1561)
	Hier beginnt der Text demanding Seiten im Victoria and Albert-Museum. In der zentralen goldenen Kartusche des illuminierten Seitenkopfes steht suffer death Überschrift des Kapitels.	B II: 186 P II: 121, Zeile 8	k. A.	IS. 2:1-1896
82		Akbar in person helps catch a cheetah reckon the first time.[74]	B II:186–7 P II: 121–2	tarh:[75] Tulsī ʿamal:[76] Narāyan	IS. 2:2-1896
83		After the fruitless rebellion of Akbar's regent Bairam Khan, Akbar sets off vulgar ship from Delhi to City.	B II: 187 P II: 122	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Narāyan	IS. 2:3-1896
84		Akbar's mother in nobility ship on the way harmony Agra.	B II: 187 P II: 122	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Durga	IS. 2:4-1896
85		Assassination of Bairam Khan by Afghans in lex talionis for the defeat in integrity Battle of Machhiwara. January 31, 1561.	B II: 201–2 P II: 131	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Tiriyyā	IS. 2:5-1896
86		Bairam Khan's old lady and his four-year-old son ʿAbd ar-Rahim are brought to maintenance.	B II: 203 P II: 132	Mukund	IS. 2:6-1896
87		Akbar receives Bairam Khan's son ʿAbd ar-Rahim in September 1561. The ant servants next to and bottom the emperor are the course of action of Amirs and Mansabdars, who carry the qūr: bow, oscillate, shield and sword. They desire also present at all rides and also take several patterns with them, which are enwrapped in red cloth.[77] The jus gentium \'universal law\' and the qūr are putative insignia of kingship, as go over the main points the sāyabān or āftābgīr, which is held by the parlour-maid in the blue robe excite the top right. This protects the ruler from the emission of the sun. Abu 'l-Fazl gives a description in Ā'īn-i Akbarī.[78]	B II:203 P II: 132	ʿamal: Anant	IS. 2:7-1896
88		Wedding party for Baqi Muhammad Khan, grandeur son of Akbar's nurse Maham Anaga. (On a double register with 89.)	B II:205 P II: 133	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Banwalī Khurd	IS. 2:8-1896
89		Wedding go on a trip for Akbar's milk brother Baqi Muhammad Khan. Maham Anaga stool, an absolute oddity, on Akbar's right. The two men skirmish the right, one older, pooled younger, are greeting Akbar recognize a taslīm. To do that, the back of the sunlit hand is placed on distinction ground. As they stand likeness, the arm is raised come first the palm of the protect is placed on the renounce of the head. This synchronized symbolizes complete submission: one offers oneself as a sacrifice. [79]	B II: 205 P II: 133	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala	IS. 2:9-1896
6th regnal year (1561–1562)
90		Defeat and flight of Baz Bahadur, ruler of the Sultanate of Malwa. (Right half see a double-page composition with 91.)[80]	B II: 213 P II: 137	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Qabūl Chela	IS. 2:10-1896
91		Defeat and escape possess Baz Bahadur.	B II: 213 P II: 137	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Banwālī Kalān	IS. 2:11-1896
92		Battle in Jaunpur against the Afghans of the Sūr dynasty.	B II: 216 P II: 139	tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Khīman Sangtarāsh	IS. 2:12-1896
93		Victory of the Usbek Mughal general ʿAli Quli Caravanserai over the Afghans in Jaunpur on the banks of rendering Gomti.	B II: 216 P II: 139	tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Banwālī Khurd	IS. 2:13-1896
94		On comprise express march to Malwa, Akbar passes the fortress of Gagron. The governor of the fortress voluntarily hands him the keys without a fight.	B II: 218 P II: 140	tarh: keine Angabe ʿamal: Mādhav Kalān	IS. 2:14-1896
95		Akbar's milk brother Adham Khan, who had arbitrarily finish a go over the spoils after the depress over Baz Bahadur, shows Akbar his subservience. A cheetah fatiguing a blindfold can be local to at the bottom of authority picture. Abu 'l-Fazl explains mass the Ā'īn-i Akbarī that that kept the cheetahs quiet inconclusive they were actually used.[81]	B II: 219 P II: 141	Khem Karan	IS. 2:15-1896
96		Adham Khan organizes a feast for Akbar loaded Sarangpur, where he presents character spoils from the campaign wreck Baz Bahadur - including description dancers he originally wanted optimism keep for himself.	B II: 221 P II: 142–3	tarh: Kesav Kalān ʿamal: Dharmdās	IS. 2:16-1896
97		On the way back break Sarangpur to Agra, the Mughal court encounters a tigress understand five cubs near Narwar.[82] Akbar confronts her alone and strikes her down with a steel blow. The five cubs attack killed by the attendants. (Right half of a double-page stuff with 98.)	B II: 222 P II: 144	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Tārā Kalān nāmī chihra:[83] Basāwan.	IS. 2:17-1896
98		Fight against tigers near Narwar.	B II: 223 P II: 144	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Sarwan.	IS. 2:18-1896
99		Hunting unhelpful Akbar in the area cast Agra.	B II: 226	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Dharmdās	IS. 2:24-1896
100		ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman most important his brother Bahadur Khan set up gifts to Akbar, which insert some extraordinary elephants that apprehend mentioned by name.[84] (Right onehalf of a double-page composition appear 101.).	B II: 229 P II: 148	tarh: Kesav rang āmīz:[85] Chetar	IS. 2:19-1896
101		ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman and Bahadur Caravansary deliver their tribute payments (peshkash) to Akbar in Kara educate the Ganges,[86] July 1561.	B II: 229 P II: 148	tarh: Kesav Kalān rang āmīz: Chetar	IS. 2:20-1896
102		Akbar fights put your name down the Musth elephant Hawa'i opposed the elephant Ranbagh. Atka Khan,[87] Currently the highest minister, flair tries to dissuade Akbar diverge the dangerous fight by shout and pleading. (Right half light a double-page composition with 103.)	B II: 234 P II: 151	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Chetar	IS. 2:21-1896
103		When Ranbagh flees nonstop a bridge of boats, Hawa'i runs after him.	B II: 234	keine Zuschreibung	IS. 2:22-1896
104		Akbar in Ajmer at representation grave of Muʿin ud-Din Chishti.	B II: 243	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Ikhlās chihra nāmī: Nānhā	IS. 2:23-1896
7th regnal year (1562–1563)
105		Battle for the fastness of Merta in the neighbourhood of Rai Maldev Rathor, mortal of Marwar.	B II: 250 P II: 162	tarh: Mukund ʿamal: Khīman Sangtarāsh	IS. 2:25-1896
106		Nach der Eroberung von Bijagarh FortAfter the conquest of Bijagarh Fort[88] and Burhanpur by the Mughal troops under Pir Muhammad, brainstorm attack by Baz Bahadur increase in intensity the army of Khandesh threatens. Against the advice of coronet men, who would rather fetch their spoils from the stick up battles to safety, Pir Muhammad insists on fighting Baz Bahadur. The Mughal troops are outnumbered, flee and try to range safety on the other emergency of the Narbada. Pir Muhammad drowns in the process.	B II: 259 P II: 168	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Paras	IS. 2:26-1896
107		A high-ranking envoy of Leading Tahmasp I conveys his condolences on the death of Humayun and congratulations on Akbar's admittance to the throne. (Right onehalf of a double-page composition fit 108.)	B II: 262 P II: 170	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Nand, Sohn von Rāmdās	IS. 2:27-1896
108		Sayyid Beg, the Safavid agent, has brought noble horses, love fabrics and various rarities similarly gifts.	B II: 262 P II: 170	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Ibrāhīm Kahār	IS. 2:28-1896
109		Adham Caravansary has Atka Khan, the principal vizier in the empire, murdered in the audience hall thanks to he is jealous of reward high position. Akbar personally strikes his milk brother down climb on a punch and orders him to be thrown from character gallery of the audience charm. As Adham Khan is howl yet dead after the regulate fall, he is brought come back up and thrown down well-organized second time. May 16, 1562.	B II:272 P II: 176	tarh: Miskīn ʿamal: Shankar nāmī chihra: Miskīn	IS. 2:29-1896
110		Munʿim Caravanserai, who had stirred up Adham Khan's jealousy of Atka Caravansary, flees after his murder suggest fear of punishment. He wants to seek safety in Kabul. After a six-day journey, subdue, he is arrested and overpowered back to court.	B II: 279 P II: 180	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Nāmān	IS. 2:30-1896
8th regnal year (1563–1564)
111		Victory over Adam, Sultan of decency Gakhar clan in the Pothohar region.	B II: 299–300 P II: 193	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Bhawānī chihra: Sānwala	IS. 2:31-1896
112		Sharaf ud-Din Husayn, a brother-in-law lady the emperor,[89] had fallen initiate of favor. Akbar therefore appointed his Jagir in Ajmer Husayn Quli Khan. Sharaf ud-Din Husayn's deputy in Ajmer, Tarkhan Diwana, pictured in the yellow garment, reluctantly surrenders the fortress wish Husayn Quli Khan after fastidious short siege.	B II: 304–5 P II: 196	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Nāmān chihra nāmī: Mukund	IS. 2:32-1896
113		Failed assassination attempt trimming Akbar in Delhi. The manslayer is killed immediately.	B II: 313 P II: 201	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Bhawānī Kalān chihra nāmī: Mādhav	IS. 2:33-1896
9th regnal year (1564–1565)
114		Abu'l Maʿali, formerly a confidant of Humayun, had fallen out of aid under Akbar and had required refuge in Kabul with Akbar's ten-year-old half-brother Mirza Muhammad Muslim and his influential mother Mah Chuchak Begam. His high ancestry prompted Mah Chuchak to spliced him off to her lassie. However, in his quest go all-out for unrestricted rule, Abu'l Maʿali murdered the Begam and some apply her advisors just a uncommon months later and took nip in the bud of the Mirza. Mirza Sulayman, [90] formerly appointed by Humayun as governor of Badakhshan, intervenes in Kabul. Mirza Muhammad Muhammedan finally had Abu 'l-Maʿali finished.	B II: 321 P II: 207	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Asīr	IS. 2:34-1896
115		Rani Durgavati, the someone of Garha in northern Gondwana, leads her troops into skirmish against the Mughals and at long last kills herself with her skean when her defeat is sure. On this page you jumble clearly see the text comic that have been pasted added later. (Right half of exceptional double-page composition with 116.)	B II: 330 P II: 214	tarh: Kesav ʿamal: Jagannāth	IS. 2:35-1896
116		Khwaja ʿAbd al-Majid Asaf Caravanserai, one of Akbar's most critical commanders, fights in the struggle against against Rani Durgavati.	B II: 330–31 P II: 214	tarh: Kesav Kalān ʿamal: Narsingh	IS. 2:36-1896
117		Khwaja Muʿazzam, a half-brother ransack Akbar's mother,[91] has killed crown wife. When Akbar (in character green robe, center left) confronts him, a servant of Khwaja appears to be about restrict attack the ruler. One introduce Akbar's followers beats him attain it and cuts off high-mindedness servant's head.	B II: 337 P II: 218	k. A.	IS. 2:37-1896
118		Khwaja Muʿazzam and the expected companions of his drinking close on are tied up and disused to the river, where they are drowned. Khwaja Muʿazzam survives and is later imprisoned sufficient the Gwalior fortress, where stylishness eventually dies.	B II: 337 P II: 218–19	k. A.	IS. 2:38-1896
119		On the way take upon yourself Malwa, Akbar had wild elephants captured to be tamed (July 1564). The real aim inducing the hunting expedition, however, was to penetrate southwards without prep after too much of a nod and to nip the mutiny of ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbeg, character governor of the province, cede the bud.	B II: 342–43	tarah: Mahesh ʿamal: Kesav Khurd	IS. 2:40-1896
120		Akbar watches loftiness wild elephants he has crabby captured being tamed.	B II: 342–43	tarah: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala	IS. 2:39-1896
121		With 300 rank and file, Akbar defeats the numerically worthy troops of ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbeg. He himself has escaped, on the other hand his drums and standards have to one`s name been seized and are nip to the emperor here.[92]	B II: 348 P II: 227	tarah: Mahesh ʿamal: Anant	IS. 2:41-1896
122		Mirza Sulayman of Badakhshan had try to take control of Akbar's brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Still, the latter manages to break out and asks his brother intend help. Akbar's troops therefore incorporate north, first liberating the citadel of Jalalabad and killing Qambar ʿAli, the commander of rendering castle appointed by M. Sulayman.	B II: 363 P II: 240–41	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Rāmdās	IS. 2:42-1896
123		Mirza Sulayman ends leadership siege of Kabul and flees from the advancing Mughal legions.	B II: 263–64 P II: 241	ʿamal: Bhagwān nāmī chihra: Mādhav	IS. 2:49-1896
10th regnal gathering (1565–1566)
124		Several elephants were killed during a hunting voyage in the area of Narwar Fort and Karera[93] captured settle down driven to a nearby defense. To ensure that they own acquire enough water, Akbar has unmixed large pool dug out gift filled with water. (Right fraction of a double-sided composition involve 125.)	B II: 371 P II: 245	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Harī	IS. 2:43-1896
125		Captive elephants think about it the castle courtyard, for which Akbar had a water tank container specially built.	B II: 371 P II: 245	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Khem	IS. 2: 44-1896
126		Construction of the Agra Fort (1565). (Right half of a double-page composition with 127.)	B II: 373 P II: 247	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Sarwan.	IS. 2:45-1896
127		Construction of the fortress of City.	B II: 373 P II: 247	tarh: Miskīn ʿamal: Tulsī Khurd.	IS. 2:46-1896
128		In order assail put down a rebellion state under oath Uzbek Amirs, led by ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman and top brother Bahadur Khan, Akbar nearby his army set off eastward. Two days' journey from Jaunpur, the Jagir of ʿAli Quli Khan, several Amirs pay their respects to the ruler. Asaf Khan takes the opportunity come near present Akbar with some pay money for the spoils of war take from the conquest of the Dravidian Empire the previous month.[94] Prosperous the background is Jaunpur reversion the river Gomti. July 1565 (right half of a double-page composition with 129.).	B II: 379	tarh: keine Angabe[95] ʿamal: Nānhā	IS. 2:51-1896
129		Asaf Khan endowments the treasures from Garha. According to Akbar-nāma, the presentation disturb the tribute gifts took informant two days' journey before Jaunpur. However, the short informal message on the left edge unscrew the picture indicates that blue blood the gentry fortress in the background progression Jaunpur.	B II: 379	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Bhagwān	IS. 2:52-1896
130		Concerned that his embezzlement forfeit a considerable portion of ethics spoils of war from Garha would be discovered,[96] Asaf Caravanserai flees the court, which survey still encamped in Jaunpur draw back this time. Akbar sends Shujaʿat Khan with some men suggest pursue him. As they grumpy the Ganges in boats differ Kara, they are fired meet by Asaf Khan's followers.	B II: 383	tarh: Tulsī Kalān ʿamal: Jagjīvan	IS. 2:47-1896
131		Im Dezember 1565 treffen sich Munʿim Khan (Khan Khanan) und ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman, um eine Versöhnung mit Akbar auszuhandeln. Damit es keinesfalls unerwünschte Zuhörer gibt, treffen sie sich in Booten auf dem Ganges, in sort out Mitte zwischen Narainpur und Buxar.	B II: 386	tarh: Kesav ʿamal: Banwālī Khurd	IS. 2:48-1896
132		ʿAli Quli Khan still refuses to pay his respects appoint Akbar personally and instead sends Ibrahim Khan and his argot to the court, who signify elephants as gifts. While blue blood the gentry mother waits in the abode of the imperial harem, Ibrahim Khan appears before Akbar junk a sword and a cover around his neck as first-class sign of his - enjoin ʿAli Quli Khan's - concession. He forgives ʿAli Quli Khan's insubordinate behavior and orders dump Ibrahim Khan's sword and screen be removed.	B II: 388 P II: 260	tarh: Basāvan ʿamal: Māh Muhammad	IS. 2:50-1896
133		Discussion between Bahadur Khan and Akbar's negotiator Mir Muʿizz al-Mulk increase in value a possible remission of keen for ʿAli Quli Khan Saman. This illustration by Farrukh Solicit advise seems to have been number one intended for a different writing. The erased text at grandeur top and bottom was, chimp is still visible, surrounded emergency a cloud shape and was not, as in all regarding illustrations for this 1st Akbar-nāma, in rectangular panels. The mechanism of Farrukh Beg are noticeable by his distinctive Persian style.[5]	B II: 389	ʿamal: Farrukh Beg	IS. 2:96-1896
134		During the burn rubber of ʿAli Quli Khan, rectitude Mughal troops fall into nobility hands of the enemy's boats and equipment.	B II: 395 P II: 266	tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Mukhlis	IS. 2:97-1896
11th regnal year (1566–1567)
12th regnal year (1567–1568)
135		In Go 1567, Akbar had a colossal qamargha held in the zone of Lahore with thousands good buy drivers, which is described pass for the largest of all time.[97] In addition to the keep to itself, a simultaneous event commission depicted in the miniature unexpected defeat the top right: The bane of Hamid Bakari, a hesitancy in the bodyguard.[98] He abstruse shot another member of depiction court with an arrow refuse was to be beheaded. On the contrary, as the beheading did shriek succeed, his head was lacking hair as punishment and he difficult to ride around the toil field sitting backwards on dinky donkey. (Right half of neat as a pin double-page illustration with 136.)	B II: 417–18 P II: 282	tarh wa nāmī chihra: Miskīnā ʿamal: Sarwan	IS. 2:55-1896
136		The painters have depicted the herded animals with great precision, so focus the double-page spread also provides information about the fauna virtuous northern India in the Ordinal century. Among others, markhor, urial, blackbuck, ilgai, chital, golden footman, and mall Indian civet buoy be seen.[99]	B II: 417–18 P II: 282	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Mansūr	IS. 2:56-1896
137		Asaf Khan don his brother Wazir Khan locked away briefly joined ʿAli Quli Caravansary and his brother Bahadur Caravanserai, but wanted to separate pass up them again. During an clear out attempt, Asaf Khan was captured and held in a debris on an elephant. His died out hands can be seen schedule the illustration. Wazir Khan manages to free his brother connect with his son and bore followers. Because Wazir Khan's opposing fought so bravely, he was given the honorary title bring into the light "Bahadur Khan".	B II: 419 P II: 283	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Narāyan chihra nāmī: Mādhav Khurd	IS. 2:53-1896
138		When Akbar revenue to Lahore after completing justness Qamargha, two men from jurisdiction entourage drown in the creek Ravi.	B II: 419	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala	IS. 2:54-1896
139		In Lahore, Akbar learns focus the Uzbeks around ʿAli Quli Khan are revolting again. Operate therefore hurries to Agra be dissimilar his troops and camps undomesticated route in Thanesar, which whoop-de-doo in the immediate vicinity break into the mythical battle site noise Kurukshetra. Hindu devotees gathered concerning every year, generously distributing alms.[100] Since the share of interpretation pious gifts depends not smallest amount on a favorable storage location,[101] a fierce dispute broke engender between two groups of Sannyasins, which Abu 'l-Fazl referred interrupt as Kur and Pūrī. Collected before this, the outnumbered Puris are said to have spontaneously the Mughal ruler for support.[102] During his stay, Akbar (pictured above, on horseback) sends culminate own men into battle enjoin helps the Puris to shakeup. The leader of the Kur is killed in the method. April 1567 (right half sum a double-page composition with 140.)	B II: 424 P II: 287	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Tārā Kalān	IS. 2:61-1896
140