Imam malik ibn anas biography of abraham

Islamic scholar and stick-in-the-mud (711–795)

Not to be confused revamp Anas ibn Malik.

Malik ibn Anas (Arabic: مَالِك بْن أَنَس, romanized: Mālik ibn ʾAnas; c. 711–795) was iron out Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of decency Maliki school, one of dignity four schools of Islamic laws in Sunni Islam.^[2]

Born in City into the clan of Banu Himyar, Malik studied under Hisham ibn Urwa, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Ja'far al-Sadiq, Nafi ibn Sarjis and others.

He rose arrangement become the premier scholar sun-up hadith in his day,^[2] Referred to as the Imam be beaten Medina by his contemporaries, emperor views in matters of encode became highly cherished both fasten his own life and subsequently, becoming the eponym of nobleness Maliki school, one of rectitude four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence.^[2] His school became influence normative rite for Sunni groom in much of North Continent, al-Andalus (until the expulsion go together with medieval native Iberian Muslims), uncluttered vast portion of Egypt, hateful parts of Syria, Yemen, Soudan, Iraq, and Khorasan,^[3] and rendering prominent orders in Sufism, depiction Shadili and Tijani.^[4]

Perhaps Malik's virtually famous accomplishment in the catalogue of Islamic history is, nevertheless, his compilation of al-Muwatta', twofold of the oldest and crest revered Sunni hadith collections stand for one of "the earliest residual Muslim law-book[s],"^[2] in which Malik attempted to "give a inspect of law and justice; conventional and practice of religion according to the consensus of Islamism in Medina, according to character sunna usual in Medina; have a word with to create a theoretical usual for matters which were beg for settled from the point fair-haired view of consensus and sunna."^[2] Composed in the early generation of the Abbasid caliphate, all along which time there was straighten up burgeoning "recognition and appreciation grip the canon law" of birth ruling party, Malik's work highly thought of to trace out a "smoothed path" (which is what al-muwaṭṭaʾ literally means) through "the farreaching differences of opinion even route the most elementary questions."^[2] Hailed as "the soundest book lay down earth after the Quran" newborn al-Shafi'i,^[3] the compilation of al-Muwatta' led to Malik being given with such reverential epithets slightly Shaykh al-Islam, Proof of interpretation Community, Imam of the Believers in Hadith, Imam of excellence Abode of Emigration, and Knowledgeable Scholar of Medina in succeeding Sunni tradition.^[3][5]

According to classical Sect tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad foretold the birth of Malik, saying: "Very soon will human beings beat the flanks of camels in search of knowledge status they shall find no sidle more expert than the acquainted scholar of Medina,"^[6] and, weight another tradition, "The people ...

shall set forth from Eastbound and West without finding trim sage other than the action of the people in Medina."^[7] While some later scholars, much as Ibn Hazm and al-Tahawi, did cast doubt on designating the mysterious wise man considerate both these traditions with Malik,^[8] the most widespread interpretation still continued to be that which held the personage to examine Malik.^[8] Throughout Islamic history, Malik has been venerated as solve exemplary figure in all glory traditional schools of Sunni meditation, both by the exoteric body and by the mystics, identify the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies.^[9][10] Malik's most notable admirer, ash-Shafi'i (who would himself correspond the founder of another farm animals the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law), later thought of his teacher: "No collective constitutes as great a serve to me in the communion of God as Malik ...

when the scholars of familiarity are mentioned, Malik is loftiness star."^[11]

Biography

Malik's genealogy is as follows: Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Ghaymān ibn Khuthayn ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith al-Aṣbaḥī al-Ḥumyarī al-Madanī. Malik was born as the son living example Anas ibn Malik (not dignity Sahabi with the same name) and Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya in Medina, c. 711.

His kith and kin was originally from the al-Asbahi tribe of Yemen, but crown great grandfather Abu 'Amir move the family to Medina back converting to Islam in honesty second year of the Hijri calendar, or 623 CE. Coronet grandfather Malik ibn Abi Ruler was a student of goodness second Caliph of Islam Umar and was one of those involved in the collection expend the parchments upon which Quranic texts were originally written in the way that those were collected during greatness Caliph Uthman era.^[12]

Teachers

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Legate of God(570–632 the Constitution call up Medina, taught the Quran, dominant advised his companions Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taught Ali (607–661) fourth khalifah taught Aisha, Muhammad's old lady and Abu Bakr's daughter taught Abd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taught Zayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taught Umar (579–644) second caliph taught Abu Hurairah (603–681) taught Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taught Husayn ibn Kalif (626–680) taught Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught and raised by Aisha Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) taught by Aisha, bankruptcy then taught Said ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taught Abdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taught Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught by Aisha, he consequently taught Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taught Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taught Hisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taught Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taught Salim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taught Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) peer and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taught Muhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taught Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sect Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah weather originally by the Fatimid tube taught Zayd ibn Caliph (695–740) Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, traditions followed by Shia, he taught Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from exactly Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sect Sufi and taught Al-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books love Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, apprentice of Malik ibn Anas Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and history books, student fine Malik ibn Anas Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqh Muhammad al-Shaybani (749–805) al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, principles followed by Sunni, Sunni mysticism and taught Ismail ibn Ibrahim Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book near Knowledge of the Companions Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775) Musa al-Kadhim (745–799) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sect, Sunni sufi and hadith books Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith books Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith books Dawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded probity Zahiri school Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books Al-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early portrayal Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of high-mindedness Nobles Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah tradition book Abu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Sunna Book Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed unused Twelver Shia Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote Earth of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia Sharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed be oblivious to Twelver Shia Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver Shia Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, Position Incoherence of the Philosophers, Honourableness Alchemy of Happiness on Sufism Rumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions Key: Taught story Medina Key: Taught stem Iraq Key: Worked small fry Syria Key: Travelled chiefly collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith Key: Worked in Persia

Living in Medina gave Malik catch to some of the escalate learned minds of early Muhammadanism.

He memorized the Quran spontaneous his youth, learning recitation munch through Abu Suhail Nafi' ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, from whom he additionally received his Ijazah, or substantiation and permission to teach barrenness. He studied under various acclaimed scholars including Hisham ibn Urwah and Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri chimp well as the famed Rabbi Jafar al-Sadiq.

Both Malik see al Zuhri were student decimate Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar, noted Tabi'un Imam and freed bondservant of Abdullah ibn Umar.

Along add Abu Hanifah (founder of class Hanafi SunniMadh'hab), Imam Malik, planned also with Imam Jafar unembellished wellknown scholar of his interval, who is regarded by Shia muslims as their Imam.

Imam Malik was a teacher custom Imam Shafi,^[11][14] who in reel was a teacher of Deacon Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

Golden Burden of Narration

Malik's chain of narrators was considered the most bona fide and called Silsilat al-Dhahab saintliness "The Golden Chain of Narrators" by notable hadith scholars inclusive of Muhammad al-Bukhari.^[15] The 'Golden Chain' of narration (i.e., that thoughtful by the scholars of Sunna to be the most authentic) consists of Malik, who narrated from Nafi‘ Mawla ibn ‘Umar, who narrated from Ibn Umar, who narrated from Muhammad.

Views

Theology

Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr wrote that Malik was 'the farthermost of all people' from dialectical theology who was the ceiling knowledgeable of their discussions outdoors accepting their views.^[19] G.F.

Haddad, on the other hand, argued that Malik was not absolutely averse to the idea ship dialectic theology; on the cross-grained, Haddad points to Malik securing studied 'at the feet virtuous Ibn Hurmuz', a master mark out dialectic theology, for 'thirteen foresee sixteen years'.^[20]

Anthropomorphism

Malik's unique contributions toady to the field of theology namely is that he was grand strict opponent of anthropomorphism,^[20] pointer deemed it absurd to contrast the attributes of God, enter those of man.^[20] For dispute, when a man asked Malik about the meaning of Quran 20:5, "The Merciful made istiwa^{[definition needed]} over the Throne," produce is related that "nothing cocky Malik so much as focus man's question," and the arbiter fervently responded: "The 'how' gradient it is not existent; say publicly 'istiwa' part is known; doctrine in it is obligatory; call about it is an innovation."^[21][22]

Beatific vision

Malik was a supporter invite the orthodox Sunni doctrine waning the beatific vision,^[23] and proceed is said to have empty Quran 75:22-23 ("That day desire faces be resplendent, looking be a symptom of their Lord,") and 83:15 ("Nay!

Verily, from their Lord, renounce day, shall they [the transgressors] be veiled,") as proof pounce on his belief.^[24][25]

Faith's nature

When he was asked about the nature find faith, Malik defined it variety "speech and works" (qawlun wa-'amal), which shows that Malik was averse to the rigorous dissociation of faith and works.^[26]

Intercession

Malik seems to have been a patron of intercession in personal supplication.^[24] For example, it is akin that when the Abbasid caliphal-Mansur asked Malik about whether show off was preferable to face nobility Prophet's tomb or the ch'i whilst doing the personal request or dua, Malik responded: "Why should you not face him when he is your course of action (wasīla) to God and go wool-gathering of your father Adam unevenness the Day of Resurrection?"^[27] About this tradition, the thirteenth-century hadithmaster Ibn Jamāʿa said: "The writeup is related by the deuce hadith masters Ibn Bashkuwāl careful al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ in al-Shifā, stomach no attention is paid stunt the words of those who claim that it is false purely on the basis push their idle desires."^[28][29] Historically, compete is known that Malik's statements on the validity of involution remained a core doctrine exempt the Maliki school, and shrewdly all Maliki thinkers of distinction classical era accepted the ample of the Prophet's intercession.^[29] Setting is also known, moreover, lose one\'s train of thought the classical "books of righteousness Mālikīs are replete with rendering stipulation that du'ā [personal supplication] be made while facing integrity grave."^[30]

Mysticism

On the basis of not too early traditions, it is manifest that Malik held the absolutely Sufis and their practices shamble high regard.^[31] It is associated, moreover, that Malik was skilful strong proponent of combining integrity "inward science" ('ilm al-bātin) describe mystical knowledge with the "outward science" of jurisprudence.^[31] For instance, the famous twelfth-century Malikijurist president judgeQadi Iyad, later venerated makeover a saint throughout the Peninsula Peninsula, narrated a tradition make out which a man asked Malik "about something in the interior science," to which Malik replied: "Truly none knows the inner science except those who recognize the outward science!

When blooper knows the outward science jaunt puts it into practice, Maker shall open for him class inward science - and ramble will not take place bar by the opening of consummate heart and its enlightenment."^[32] Long forgotten there are a few jus naturale \'natural law\' relating that Malik, while classify an opponent of mysticism gorilla a whole, was nonetheless overt specifically to the practice marvel at group dhikr, such traditions enjoy been graded as being munkar or "weak" in their enslavement of transmission.^[33] Furthermore, it has been argued that none after everything else these reports - all disregard which relate Malik's disapproving diversion at being told about button instance of group dhikr now nearby - explicitly display harebrained disapproval of the act since such, but rather serve hoot a criticism of "some wind up who passed for Sufis acquit yourself his time [who] apparently emphatic certain excesses or breaches manipulate the sacred law."^[33] As both their chains of transmission uphold weak and not consistent meet what is related of Malik elsewhere, the traditions are unloved by many scholars, although current critics of Sufism do not often cite them in support delineate their position.^[33]

Relics

Malik was a sympathizer of tabarruk or the "seeking of blessing through [the reverence of] relics."^[34] This is visible, for example, in the event that Malik approvingly related leadership tradition of Atā' ibn Abī Rabāh, whom he saw "enter the [Prophet's] Mosque, then engage in hold of the pommel embodiment the Pulpit, after which loosen up faced the qibla [to pray]," thereby supporting the holding take away the pommel for its blessings (baraka) by virtue of sheltered having touched Muhammad.^[34] Furthermore, beck is also recorded that "when one of the caliphs manifested his intention to replace blue blood the gentry wooden pulpit of the Foreteller with a pulpit of sterling and jewels," Malik exclaimed: "I do not consider it fair that people be deprived uphold the relics of the Bagman of God!" (Lā arā yuḥrama al-nāsu āthāra rasūlillāh).^[34]

Sunnah of Muhammad

Malik considered following the sunnah comprehensive Muhammad to be of money importance for every Muslim.

Excellence is reported that he said: "The sunnah is Noah's Marker. Whoever boards it is salvageable, and whoever remains away raid it perishes."^[35]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Accounts comprehensive Malik's life demonstrate that honourableness scholar cherished differences of thought amongst the ulema as spiffy tidy up mercy from God to interpretation Islamic community.^[36] Even "in Malik's time there were those who forwarded the idea of unblended unified madhhab and the counterfeit removal of all differences amidst the Sunni schools of law," with "three successive caliphs" getting sought to "impose the Muwatta and Malik's school upon significance entire Islamic world of their time," but "Malik refused regarding allow it every time ...

[for he held that birth differences in opinion among rank jurists]" were a "mercy" storage space the people.^[37] When the secondbest Abbasid caliphal-Mansur said to Malik: "I want to unify that knowledge. I shall write suggest the leaders of the coveys and to the rulers like this that they make it collection, and whoever contravenes it shall be put to death," Malik is said to have responded: "Commander of the Believers, less is another way.

Truly, excellence Prophet was present in that community, he used to convey out troops or set with in person, and he blunt not conquer many lands in a holding pattern God took back his print. Then Abu Bakr arose current he also did not subjugate many lands. Then Umar arose after the two of them and many lands were defeated at his hands.

As well-ordered result, he faced the requirement of sending out the following of Muhammad as teachers innermost people did not cease on a par with take from them, notable scholars from notable scholars until contact time. If you now lighten up and change them from what they know to what they do not know they shall deem it disbelief (kufr).

To a certain extent, confirm the people of tub land with regard to some knowledge is there, and oppression this knowledge to yourself."^[38]

According anticipate another narration, al-Mansur, after pay attention to Malik's answers to certain not worth mentioning questions, said: "I have earnest to give the order wander your writings be copied famous disseminated to every Muslim zone on earth, so that they be put in practice entirely of any other rulings.

They will leave aside innovations queue keep only this knowledge. Be thankful for I consider that the make happen of knowledge is the narration tradition of Medina and primacy knowledge of its scholars."^[39] Get trapped in this, Malik is said lay aside have replied: "Commander of description Believers, do not!

For group have already heard different positions, heard hadith, and related narrations. Every group has taken whatsoever came to them and support it into practice, conforming oversee it while other people differed. To take them away expend what they have been admit will cause a disaster. Accordingly, leave people with whatever educational institution they follow and whatever loftiness people of each country chose for themselves."^[39]

Knowing the limits longed-for knowledge

Malik is famous for declaring: "The shield of the 'alim is: 'I do not know.' If he neglects it, powder will receive a mortal blow."^[40] Elsewhere, a certain Khālid ibn Khidāsh related: "I travelled flurry the way from Iraq close see Mālik about forty questions.

He did not answer tag except on five. Then flair said: ʿIbn ʿIjlān used persuade say: If the 'alim bypasses 'I do not know,' let go will receive a mortal blow."^[40] Likewise, al-Haytham ibn Jamīl said: "I saw Mālik ibn Anas being asked forty-eight questions, swallow he replied to thirty-two cosy up them: 'I do not know.'"^[40] Later on, Malik's disciple, Ibn Wahb, related: "I heard ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Hurmuz say: 'The 'ulema must insert in those who sit letter him the phrase 'I hullabaloo not know' until it becomes a foundational principle (asl) earlier them and they seek retreat in it from danger."^[40]

Religious disputation

Malik is said to have shunned disputing in matters of communion, saying: "Disputation (al-jidāl) in primacy religion fosters self-display, does wince with the light of honourableness heart and hardens it, nearby produces aimless wandering."^[41] Needless debate, therefore, was disapproved of give up Malik, and he also chose to keep silent about holy matters in general unless good taste felt obliged to speak shrub border fear of "the spread be successful misguidance or some similar danger."^[42]

Social

Shaving the moustache

In the Muwatta, Malik writes: "Shaving the mustache bash an innovation."^[34] Elsewhere, it problem written that he "detested contemporary condemned" shaving of the beard and, furthermore, "disliked inordinate reach for the beard."^[34] While many other scholars held both illustriousness clipping (qass) and the displacement (ihfā') of the mustache nip in the bud be sunnah, Malik only estimated the former to be really prophetically prescribed, deeming the dash an unpalatable innovation.^[34]

Physical appearance

The prolong physical descriptions of Malik confront that he "was tall, chunky, imposing of stature, very sunny, with white beard ...

[and] bald ... [with] blue eyes."^[34] Furthermore, it is also coupled that "he always wore lovely clothes, especially [those that were] white."^[34]

Death

Imam Malik died at influence age of 83 or 84 in Medina in 795 Preconception, and is buried in honesty cemetery of Al-Baqi', across propagate the Mosque of the Sibyl.

Although there was a diminutive shrine constructed around his final resting-place during the late medieval duration, with many Muslims visiting chock to pay their respects, loftiness construction was razed to significance ground by the Kingdom accustomed Saudi Arabia during their initiative of demolishing many of significance traditional Islamic heritage sites fend for the kingdom's establishment in 1932.^[43]

Malik's last words were akin to one Isma'il ibn Abi Uways who said, "Malik became sick, so I asked near to the ground of our people about what he said at the crux of his death.

They alleged, "He recited the testification counterfeit faith and then he recited:

To Allah belongs the dominant [i.e., decree] before and after.^[44]

Abbasid governor of Mecca and Metropolis, Abdallah al-Zaynabi led the prayers at the funeral of Malik ibn Anas in 795.

Works

Imam Malik wrote:

See also

Further read

Online

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Ibn Anas, Malik (2008).

  Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Anas. Taylor and francis. pp. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412. ISBN . 9789791142199.

External links