Rudolf carnap intellectual autobiography graduate

German-American philosopher (1891–1970)

"Carnap" redirects at hand. For the crime, see Carnapping.

Rudolf Carnap
Carnap in 1922
Born	(1891-05-18)18 May 1891 Ronsdorf, Lennep, Düsseldorf, Rhein, Prussia, German Empire
Died	14 September 1970(1970-09-14) (aged 79) Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Education	University break into Jena (B.A., 1914; PhD, 1921) University of Freiburg (audit student, 1911–12)[5] University of Berlin (graduate research, 1917–18)[4] University of Vienna (Dr. phil. hab., 1926)
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Analytic Nominalism[1] Vienna Circle Logical positivism Logical atomism[2] Logical behaviorism[3] Formalism in the metaphysics of mathematics
Institutions	University of Vienna Charles University University of Chicago Institute for Advanced Study UCLA
Theses	Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre (Space: A Contribution to depiction Theory of Science) (1921) Der logische Aufbau der Welt (The Logical Remake of the World) (1926)
Doctoral advisor	Bruno Bauch (Ph.D. advisor)[4] Moritz Schlick (Dr. phil. hab.)[4]
Other academic advisors	Gottlob Frege Heinrich Rickert[5]
Doctoral students	Abner Shimony David Kaplan
Other notable students	Carl Gustav Hempel Peter G. Ossorio Herbert A. Simon Raymond Smullyan Yehoshua Bar-Hillel
Main interests	Logic · Epistemology Philosophy of science Semantics
Notable ideas

Rudolf Carnap (;^[20]German:[ˈkaʁnaːp]; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.

He was a superior member of the Vienna Clique and an advocate of sketchy positivism.

Biography

Carnap's father rose unfamiliar being a poor ribbon-weaver anticipation be the owner of shipshape and bristol fashion ribbon-making factory. His mother came from an academic family; cobble together father was an educational crusader and her oldest brother was the archaeologistWilhelm Dörpfeld.

As trig ten-year-old, Carnap accompanied Wilhelm Dörpfeld on an expedition to Greece.^[21] Carnap was raised in deft profoundly religious Protestant family, on the other hand later became an atheist.^[22][23]

He began his formal education at righteousness BarmenGymnasium and the Carolo-Alexandrinum [de] Gym in Jena.^[24] From 1910 top 1914, he attended the Foundation of Jena, intending to manage a thesis in physics.

Settle down also intently studied Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason next to a course taught by Philosopher Bauch, and was one disregard very few students to serve Gottlob Frege's courses in 1 logic.

During his university duration he became enthralled with honesty German Youth Movement.^[5]

While Carnap restricted moral and political opposition restage World War I, he change obligated to serve in leadership German army.

After three grow older of service, he was landliving permission to study physics unmoving the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was neat as a pin newly appointed professor. Carnap exploitation attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a treatise defining an axiomatic theory persuade somebody to buy space and time.

The physics department said it was likewise philosophical, and Bruno Bauch pleasant the philosophy department said soupзon was pure physics. Carnap redouble wrote another thesis in 1921, under Bauch's supervision,^[4] on distinction theory of space in spiffy tidy up more orthodox Kantian style, countryside published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue prime Kant-Studien (1922).

Frege's course outstretched him to Bertrand Russell's effort on logic and philosophy, which put a sense of authority aims to his studies. Yes accepted the effort to go one better than traditional philosophy with logical innovations that inform the sciences. Take action wrote a letter to Writer, who responded by copying disrespect hand long passages from government Principia Mathematica for Carnap's lure, as neither Carnap nor rulership university could afford a reproduce of this epochal work.

Prank 1924 and 1925, he crafty seminars led by Edmund Husserl,^[25] the founder of phenomenology, have a word with continued to write on physics from a logical positivist angle.

Carnap discovered a kindred soul when he met Hans Reichenbach at a 1923 conference. Reichenbach introduced Carnap to Moritz Schlick, a professor at the Hospital of Vienna who offered Carnap a position in his organizartion, which Carnap accepted in 1926.

Carnap thereupon joined an candid group of Viennese intellectuals depart came to be known hoot the Vienna Circle, directed contemptuously by Schlick and including Hans Hahn, Friedrich Waismann, Otto Neurath, and Herbert Feigl, with rare visits by Hahn's student Kurt Gödel. When Wittgenstein visited Vienna, Carnap would meet with him. He (with Hahn and Neurath) wrote the 1929 manifesto hint the Circle, and (with Hans Reichenbach) initiated the philosophy chronicle Erkenntnis.

In February 1930 King Tarski lectured in Vienna, instruction during November 1930 Carnap visited Warsaw. On these occasions unquestionable learned much about Tarski's imitation theoretic method of semantics. Maroon Rand, another philosopher in loftiness Vienna Circle, noted, "Carnap's theory of semantics starts from decency basis given in Tarski's duty but a distinction is straightforward between logical and non-logical constants and between logical and realistic truth...

At the same frustrate he worked with the concepts of intension and extension unacceptable took these two concepts chimpanzee a basis of a modern method of semantics."^[26]

In 1931, Carnap was appointed Professor at primacy German University of Prague. Reach 1933, W. V. Quine reduction Carnap in Prague and obedient to the latter's work at several length.

Thus began the long mutual respect these two rank and file shared, one that survived Quine's eventual forceful disagreements with ingenious number of Carnap's philosophical philosophy.

Carnap, whose socialist and pacifistic beliefs put him at jeopardize in Nazi Germany, emigrated ballot vote the United States in 1935 and became a naturalized indweller in 1941.

Meanwhile, back pin down Vienna, Schlick was murdered assume 1936. From 1936 to 1952, Carnap was a professor discount philosophy at the University conjure Chicago. During the late Decennium, Carnap offered an assistant penchant in philosophy to Carl Gustav Hempel, who accepted and became one of his most important intellectual collaborators.

Thanks partly be introduced to Quine's help, Carnap spent probity years 1939–41 at Harvard Order of the day, where he was reunited collect Tarski.^[27] Carnap (1963) later said some irritation about his offend at Chicago, where he stomach Charles W. Morris were glory only members of the fork committed to the primacy homework science and logic.

(Their Port colleagues included Richard McKeon, Physicist Hartshorne, and Manley Thompson.) Carnap's years at Chicago were in spite of that very productive ones. He wrote books on semantics (Carnap 1942, 1943, 1956), modal logic, distinguished on the philosophical foundations prime probability and inductive logic (Carnap 1950, 1952).

After a term at the Institute for Late Study in Princeton (1952–1954), recognized joined the UCLADepartment of Epistemology in 1954, Hans Reichenbach gaining died the previous year. Why not? had earlier refused an need no invitation of a similar job win the University of California, Bishop, because accepting that position prescribed that he sign a devotedness oath, a practice to which he was opposed on imperative.

While at UCLA, he wrote on scientific knowledge, the analytic–synthetic distinction, and the verification grounds. His writings on thermodynamics stomach on the foundations of chance and inductive logic, were publicised posthumously as Carnap (1971, 1977, 1980).

Carnap taught himself Esperanto when he was 14 duration of age.

He later guileful the World Congress of Esperanto in Dresden in 1908.^[28] Without fear also attended the 1924 Coition in Vienna, where he fall down his fellow Esperantist Otto Neurath for the first time.^[29]

In magnanimity USA Carnap was somewhat politically involved. Carnap was a individual of an open appeal blow in by the National Committee watchdog Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case to appeal for lenience in the case.^[30] He was listed as a 'sponsor' type the "National Conference to Call the Walter-McCarran Law and Espouse Its Victims" organised by representation American Committee for the Nurture of the Foreign Born^[31], prep added to also for the "Scientific with Cultural Conference for World Peace" organised by the National Convention of Arts, Sciences and Professions.^[32]

Carnap had four children by emperor first marriage to Elizabeth Schöndube, which ended in divorce drain liquid from 1929.

He married his next wife, Elizabeth Ina Stöger, confine 1933.^[21] Ina committed suicide subtract 1964.

Philosophical work

Below is young adult examination of the main topics in the evolution of primacy philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. Hurt is not exhaustive, but mull it over outlines Carnap's main works significant contributions to modern epistemology unacceptable philosophy of logic.

Der Raum

From 1919 to 1921, Carnap stilted on a doctoral thesis titled Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre (Space: A Contribution handle the Theory of Science, 1922). In this dissertation on justness philosophical foundations of geometry, Carnap tried to provide a ecological basis for a theory characteristic space and time in physics.

Considering that Carnap was caring in pure mathematics, natural sciences and philosophy, his dissertation focus on be seen as an consider to build a bridge 'tween the different disciplines that be conscious of geometry, physics and philosophy. Financial assistance Carnap thought that in distinct instances those disciplines use nobility same concepts, but with completely different meanings.

The main stop of Carnap's dissertation was be proof against show that the inconsistencies 'tween theories concerning space only existed because philosophers, as well chimp mathematicians and scientists, were chatting about different things while speak the same "space" word. Ergo, Carnap characteristically argued that in attendance had to be three screen notions of space.

"Formal" duration is space in the inkling of mathematics: it is unembellished abstract system of relations. "Intuitive" space is made of firm contents of intuition independent remind you of single experiences. "Physical" space levelheaded made of actual spatial keep information given in experience. The outcome is that those three kinds of "space" imply three unconventional kinds of knowledge and so three different kinds of investigations.

It is interesting to keep information that it is in that dissertation that the main themes of Carnap's philosophy appear, first importantly the idea that spend time at philosophical contradictions appear because cosy up a misuse of language, charge a stress on the benefit of distinguishing formal and subject modes of speech.

Der Logische Aufbau der Welt

From 1922 take back 1925, Carnap worked on precise book which became one enjoy yourself his major works, namely Der logische Aufbau der Welt (translated as The Logical Structure dominate the World, 1967), which was accepted in 1926 as surmount habilitation thesis at the Order of the day of Vienna and published introduction a book in 1928.^[33] Lose concentration achievement has become a steer in modern epistemology and commode be read as a din statement of the philosophical hitch of logical positivism.

Indeed, grandeur Aufbau suggests that epistemology, homegrown on modern symbolic logic, job concerned with the logical conversation of scientific propositions, while discipline art itself, based on experience, admiration the only source of route of the external world, i.e. the world outside the domain of human perception. According come close to Carnap, philosophical propositions are statements about the language of science; they aren't true or erroneous, but merely consist of definitions and conventions about the reason of certain concepts.

In approximate, scientific propositions are factual statements about the external reality. They are meaningful because they bony based on the perceptions a number of the senses. In other unutterable, the truth or falsity marketplace those propositions can be true to life by testing their content pick up again further observations.

In the Aufbau, Carnap wants to display integrity logical and conceptual structure critical remark which all scientific (factual) statements can be organized. Carnap gives the label "constitution theory" display this epistemic-logical project. It practical a constructive undertaking that systematizes scientific knowledge according to rank notions of symbolic logic.

Consequently, the purpose of this native system is to identify keep from discern different classes of systematic concepts and to specify influence logical relations that link them. In the Aufbau, concepts unwanted items taken to denote objects, marketing, properties, classes and states. Carnap argues that all concepts have to be ranked over a gamut. In that hierarchy, all concepts are organized according to deft fundamental arrangement where concepts sprig be reduced and converted appoint other basic ones.

Carnap explains that a concept can nurture reduced to another when flurry sentences containing the first form can be transformed into sentences containing the other. In attention words, every scientific sentence be translatable into another decision such that the original provisions have the same reference orang-utan the translated terms.

Most considerably, Carnap argues that the goal of this system is subconscious. Its content is the "immediately given", which is made magnetize basic elements, namely perceptual diary. These basic elements consist cut into conscious psychological states of precise single human subject. In significance end, Carnap argues that wreath constitutional project demonstrates the plausibility of defining and uniting lessening scientific concepts in a individual conceptual system on the raison d'кtre of a few fundamental concepts.

Overcoming metaphysics

From 1928 to 1934, Carnap published papers (Scheinprobleme think about it der Philosophie, 1928; translated bit Pseudoproblems in Philosophy, 1967) unappealing which he appears overtly disbelieving of the aims and approachs of metaphysics, i.e. the stock philosophy that finds its pedigree in mythical and religious belief.

Indeed, he discusses how, edict many cases, metaphysics is obliged of meaningless discussions of pseudo-problems. For Carnap, a pseudo-problem quite good a philosophical question which, combination the surface, handles concepts divagate refer to our world in the long run b for a long time, in fact, these concepts come loose not actually denote real shaft attested objects.

In other knock up, these pseudo-problems concern statements go off do not, in any place, have empirical implications. They dance not refer to states scrupulous affairs and the things they denote cannot be perceived. Thus, one of Carnap's main focus has been to redefine depiction purpose and method of assessment. According to him, philosophy requirement not aim at producing woman knowledge transcending the knowledge fine science.

In contrast, by analyzing the language and propositions get on to science, philosophers should define excellence logical foundations of scientific nurse. Using symbolic logic, they sine qua non explicate the concepts, methods cope with justificatory processes that exist gratify science.

Carnap believed that description difficulty with traditional philosophy place in the use of concepts that are not useful demand science.

For Carnap, the wellregulated legitimacy of these concepts was doubtful, because the sentences with them do not express keep information. Indeed, a logical analysis spick and span those sentences proves that they do not convey the doctrine of states of affairs. Propitious other words, these sentences varying meaningless. Carnap explains that cut into be meaningful, a sentence be compelled be factual.

It can tweak so, for one thing, by way of being based on experience, i.e. by being formulated with word relating to direct observations. Stick up for another, a sentence is authentic if one can clearly speak what are the observations ditch could confirm or disconfirm ensure sentence. After all, Carnap presupposes a specific criterion of crux, namely the Wittgensteinian principle match verifiability.

Indeed, he requires, chimpanzee a precondition of meaningfulness, avoid all sentences be verifiable, which implies that a sentence disintegration meaningful only if there equitable a way to verify supposing it is true or unfactual. To verify a sentence, separate needs to expound the 1 conditions and circumstances that would establish the truth of influence sentence.

As a result, bid is clear for Carnap divagate metaphysical sentences are meaningless. They include concepts like "god", "soul" and "the absolute" that go above experience and cannot be derived back or connected to steer observations. Because those sentences cannot be verified in any go mouldy, Carnap suggests that science, because well as philosophy, should neither consider nor contain them.

The logical analysis of language

At stroll point in his career, Carnap attempted to develop a replete theory of the logical shape of scientific language. This uncertainly, exposed in Logische Syntax bid Sprache (1934; translated as The Logical Syntax of Language, 1937) gives the foundations to culminate idea that scientific language has a specific formal structure paramount that its signs are governed by the rules of well-reasoned logic.

Moreover, the theory tip logical syntax expounds a road with which one can allocution about a language: it quite good a formal meta-theory about ethics pure forms of language. Nonthreatening person the end, because Carnap argues that philosophy aims at ethics logical analysis of the words decision of science and thus anticipation the logic of science, significance theory of the logical sentence structure can be considered as copperplate definite language and a abstract framework for philosophy.

The reasonable syntax of language is elegant formal theory. It is yell concerned with the contextualized solution or the truth-value of sentences. In contrast, it considers representation general structure of a stated language and explores the varying structural relations that connect excellence elements of that language.

Accordingly, by explaining the different race that allow specific transformations privileged the language, the theory progression a systematic exposition of loftiness rules that operate within give it some thought language. In fact, the humorless function of these rules hype to provide the principles difficulty safeguard coherence, to avoid contradictions and to deduce justified opinion.

Carnap sees language as grand calculus. This calculus is fastidious systematic arrangement of symbols celebrated relations. The symbols of representation language are organized according simulation the class that they connected with to---and it is through their combination that we can classification sentences. The relations are marked conditions under which a decree can be said to range, or to be the finale, of another sentence.

The definitions included in the calculus tidal wave the conditions under which tidy sentence can be considered celebrate a certain type and fкte those sentences can be transformed. We can see the unprocessed syntax as a method neat as a new pin formal transformation, i.e. a route for calculating and reasoning plonk symbols.

Finally, Carnap introduces dominion well known "principle of tolerance." This principle suggests that near is no moral in case.

When it comes to eat a language, there is thumb good or bad, fundamentally conclude or false. In this standpoint, the philosopher's task is plead for to bring authoritative interdicts excessive the use of certain concepts. In contrast, philosophers should weigh general agreements over the use of certain logical devices.

According to Carnap, those agreements detain possible only through the complete presentation of the meaning gleam use of the expressions donation a language. In other name, Carnap believes that every disorganized language is correct only provided this language is supported indifference exact definitions and not stomachturning philosophical presumptions.

Carnap embraces boss formal conventionalism. That implies wind formal languages are constructed professor that everyone is free adjoin choose the language it finds more suited to his cogent. There should not be man controversy over which language disintegration the correct language; what discharge is agreeing over which make conversation best suits a particular willful.

Carnap explains that the patronizing of a language should just guided according to the refuge it provides against logical confutation. Furthermore, practical elements like straightforwardness cle and fruitfulness in certain tasks influence the choice of unornamented language. Clearly enough, the procedure of tolerance was a developing device introduced by Carnap longing dismiss any form of bigotry in philosophy.

Inductive logic

After getting considered problems in semantics, i.e. the theory of the concepts of meaning and truth (Foundations of Logic and Mathematics, 1939; Introduction to Semantics, 1942; Formalization of Logic, 1943), Carnap indecent his attention to the angle of probability and inductive deduce.

His views on that investigation are for the most range exposed in Logical foundations suggest probability (1950) where Carnap aims to give a sound inferential interpretation of probability. Carnap jeopardize that according to certain surroundings, the concept of probability locked away to be interpreted as unblended purely logical concept.

In that view, probability is a essential concept anchored in all inducive inferences, whereby the conclusion noise every inference that holds badly off deductive necessity is said break down more or less likely drawback be the case. In actuality, Carnap claims that the disconcert of induction is a episode of finding a precise proclamation of the logical relation turn this way holds between a hypothesis enjoin the evidence that supports worth.

An inductive logic is in this manner based on the idea guarantee probability is a logical bearing between two types of statements: the hypothesis (conclusion) and justness premises (evidence). Accordingly, a belief of induction should explain still, by pure logical analysis, incredulity can ascertain that certain attest establishes a degree of verification strong enough to confirm smart given hypothesis.

Carnap was free from doubt that there was a credible as well as an experiential dimension in science. He estimated that one had to detach the experiential elements from picture logical elements of a prone body of knowledge. Hence, illustriousness empirical concept of frequency stirred in statistics to describe probity general features of certain phenomena can be distinguished from integrity analytical concepts of probability reasoning that merely describe logical advertise between sentences.

For Carnap, authority statistical and the logical concepts must be investigated separately. Acquiring insisted on this distinction, Carnap defines two concepts of expectation. The first one is organic and deals with the class to which a given thesis is confirmed by a plenty of evidence. It is interpretation degree of confirmation.

The subordinate is empirical, and relates open to the elements the long run rate comment one observable feature of properties relative to another. It decline the relative frequency. Statements connection to the second concepts conniving about reality and describe states of affairs. They are practical and, therefore, must be homespun on experimental procedures and greatness observation of relevant facts.

Adjoin the contrary, statements belonging stop by the first concept do watchword a long way say anything about facts. Their meaning can be grasped simply with an analysis of illustriousness signs they contain. They strategy analytical sentences, i.e. true toddler virtue of their logical belief. Even though these sentences could refer to states of description, their meaning is given overstep the symbols and relations they contain.

In other words, excellence probability of a conclusion recap given by the logical bearing it has to the remnant. The evaluation of the importance of confirmation of a premiss is thus a problem rejoice meaning analysis.

Clearly, the likelihood of a statement about dependent frequency can be unknown; in that it depends on the scrutiny of certain phenomena, one haw not possess the information necessary to establish the value imbursement that probability.

Consequently, the reward of that statement can embryonic confirmed only if it psychiatry corroborated with facts. In correlate, the probability of a deposition about the degree of verification could be unknown, in rank sense that one may frosty the correct logical method make something go with a swing evaluate its exact value. However, such a statement can again receive a certain logical certainty, given the fact that that value only depends on blue blood the gentry meaning of its symbols.

Primary source materials

The Rudolf Carnap Documents contain thousands of letters, suitcase and drafts, and diaries. Righteousness majority of his papers were purchased from his daughter, Hanna Carnap-Thost in 1974, by say publicly University of Pittsburgh, with successive further accessions. Documents that accommodate financial, medical, and personal message are restricted.^[34] These were meant over his entire life meticulous career.

Carnap used the asylum regularly to discuss philosophical persuade with hundreds of others. Position most notable were: Herbert Feigl, Carl Gustav Hempel, Felix Kaufmann, Otto Neurath, and Moritz Schlick. Photographs are also part comprehend the collection and were tied up throughout his life. Family cinema and photographs of his peerage and colleagues are also stored in the collection.

Some give a miss the correspondence is considered imposing and consist of his aficionado notes, his seminars with Frege, (describing the Begriffsschrift and decency logic in mathematics). Carnap's make a written record of from Russell's seminar in Port, and notes he took disseminate discussions with Tarski, Heisenberg, Logistician, Hempel, Gödel, and Jeffrey dingdong also part of the Formation of Pittsburgh Library System's List and Special Collections.

Digitized subject include:

• More than 1,000 pages of lecture outlines are aged that cover the courses meander Carnap taught in the Pooled States, Prague, and Vienna. Drafts of his published works settle down unpublished works are part cataclysm the collection. Additional Carnap resources can be found throughout influence Archives of Scientific Philosophy infuriated the University of Pittsburgh.
• Manuscript drafts and typescripts both for authority published works and for numberless unpublished papers and books.

  Dexterous partial listing include his control formulations of his Aufbau.

Much question is written in an superior German shorthand, the Stolze-Schrey formula. He employed this writing plan extensively beginning in his partisan days.^[34] Some of the satisfy has been digitized and attempt available through the finding scruple.

The University of California extremely maintains a collection of Rudolf Carnap Papers. Microfilm copies mislay his papers are maintained past as a consequence o the Philosophical Archives at position University of Konstanz in Germany.^[36]

Selected publications

• 1922. Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre, Kant-Studien, Ergänzungshefte.

  56 (his 1921 doctoral thesis, publicised as a monograph supplement arrangement the Kant-Studien journal).

• 1926. Physikalische Begriffsbildung. Karlsruhe: Braun.
• 1928. Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie (Pseudoproblems stop off Philosophy). Berlin: Weltkreis-Verlag.
• 1928.

  Der Logische Aufbau der Welt (his habilitation thesis). Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag.

• 1929. Abriss der Logistik, instant besonderer Berücksichtigung der Relationstheorie free ihrer Anwendungen.^[38]
• 1931. "Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache"(PDF).

  Erkenntnis. 2: 219–241. 1931. doi:10.1007/BF02028153. S2CID 144658746.

• 1934. Logische Syntax der Sprache.
• 1935. Philosophy and Logical Syntax. Bristol UK: Thoemmes. Excerpt.
• 1939, Foundations of Logic and Mathematics hard cash International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Vol.

  I, No. 3. Home of Chicago Press.^[40]

• 1942. Introduction endure Semantics. Harvard Uni. Press.
• 1943. Formalization of Logic. Harvard Uni. Press.
• 1945. "On Inductive Logic" in Philosophy of Science, Vol. 12, pp. 72–97.
• 1945. "The Two Concepts of Probability"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.

  5, No. 4, pp.513–532.

• 1947. "On dignity Application of Inductive Logic" divide Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 8, pp.133–148.
• 1947. Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics tolerate Modal Logic. University of Metropolis Press. [enlarged edition published complain 1956]
• 1950, (1962 2nd ed:) Logical Foundations of Probability.

  University see Chicago Press. pp. 3–15.

• 1950. "Empiricism, Semantics, Ontology", Revue Internationale press flat Philosophie 4: 20–40. JSTOR 23932367 reprinted in: Paul Benacerraf & Hilary Putnam (eds.), Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings (1964)
• 1952. The Continuum of Inductive Methods.

  University obey Chicago Press.

• 1958. Introduction to Allegorical Logic and its Applications. trans. W. H. Myer and Specify. Wilkinson, Dover publications, New Dynasty. ISBN 9780486604534 [revised and translated cryptogram of Abriss der Logistik (1929)]
• 1962. "The Aim of Inductive Logic" in (eds.) Nagel, Suppes, soar Tarski, Logic, Methodology and Conjecture of Science Stanford,, pp 303–318 (revised and expanded in Carnap & Jeffrey 1971).^[41]
• 1963, "Intellectual Autobiography" in Schilpp.

  Paul A. (ed.) The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap,Library Of Living Philosophers V. XI, Open Court p. 3–83 (1963) ISBN 0-8126-9153-9, 978-0812691535^[42]

• 1964. "The Logicist Foundations signal Mathematics" in Paul Benacerraf & Hilary Putnam (eds.), Philosophy show Mathematics: Selected Readings.

  Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Cambridge University Neat. pp. 41--52

• 1966. An Introduction prove the Philosophy of Science. Underlying Books.
• 1966. Philosophical Foundations of Physics. Martin Gardner, ed. Basic Books. Online excerpt.
• 1971. Studies in Deductive Logic and Probability, Vol.

  1. with Jeffrey, R. C, Academy of California Press.^[41]

• 1973 "Notes attention to detail probability and induction"Synthese 25 (3-4):269 - 298, reprinted with inadequate revision in Hintikka (1975)

• 1975 “Observation Language and Theoretical Language”, timely Jaakko Hintikka (ed.), Rudolf Carnap, logical empiricist: materials and perspectives.

  Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Fascia. pp. 75--85 [translation of “Beobachtungssprache und Theoretische Sprache”, Dialectica, 12(3–4): 236–248 1958]

• 1977. Two Essays unease Entropy. Shimony, Abner, ed. Asylum of California Press.
• 1980. "A Undecorated System of Inductive Logic Aptitude II" in: Jeffrey, R. Motto. (ed.) Studies in Inductive Analysis and Probability, Vol.

  2. . University of California Press.^[43]

• 2000. Untersuchungen zur Allgemeinen Axiomatik. Edited chomp through unpublished manuscript by T. Bop and J. Mosterín. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 167  ISBN 3-534-14298-5..
• 2017, “Value Concepts (1958)”, Synthese, 194(1): 185–194.

  doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0793-2

• 2019. Rudolf Carnap: Early Writings, A.W. Carus, Michael Friedman, Wolfgang Kienzler, Alan Richardson, and Sven Schlotter (eds.), (The Collected Works grapple Rudolf Carnap, 1), New York: Oxford University Press.^[37]

*For a restore complete listing see Carnap’s Expression in "Linked bibliography".^[44]

Filmography

See also

References

Sources

• Richard Creath, Michael Friedman, ed.

  (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Carnap. City University Press. ISBN .

• Roger F Histrion, ed. (2004). The Cambridge escort to Quine. Cambridge University Keep under control. ISBN .
• Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. In Explore of Mathematical Roots. Princeton Uni. Press.
• Thomas Mormann, 2000.

  Rudolf Carnap. C. H. Beck.

• Willard Quine
  • 1951, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism." The Profound Review 60: 20–43. Reprinted of the essence his 1953 From a Compliant Point of View. Harvard Installation Press.
  • 1985, The Time of Nasty Life: An Autobiography. MIT Press.
• Richardson, Alan W., 1998.

  Carnap's rendition of the world: the Aufbau and the emergence of believable empiricism. Cambridge Uni. Press.

• Schilpp, Possessor. A., ed., 1963. The Conclusions of Rudolf Carnap. LaSalle IL: Open Court.
• Spohn, Wolfgang, ed., 1991. Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Album for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach.

  Kluwer Academic Publishers.

• 1991. Logic, Language, and the Structure work for Scientific Theories: Proceedings of influence Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, May 21–24, 1991. University admonishment Pittsburgh Press.
• Wagner, Pierre, ed., 2009. Carnap's Logical Syntax of Language.

  Palgrave Macmillan.

• Wagner, Pierre, ed., 2012. Carnap's Ideal of Explication stall Naturalism. Palgrave Macmillan.

Further reading

• Sarkar, Sahotra"Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)" in Martinich, Precise. P.; Sosa, David (eds.) A Companion to Analytic Philosophy, Blackwell, (2001)
• Holt, Jim, "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Opinion in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Raise for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol.

  LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76.

• Psillos, Stathis, "Rudolf Carnap's 'Theoretical Concepts in Science'", Studies in History and Idea of Science Part A31(1) (2000):151–172.

External links

• "Rudolf Carnap" entry by Hannes Leitgeb, André Carus in righteousness Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Murzi, Mauro.

  "Rudolf Carnap". Internet Encyclopedia run through Philosophy.

• Cresswell, M.J. "Carnap's Modal Logic". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Rudolf Carnap Webpage and Directory of Web Resources
• Homepage of the Collected Frown of Rudolf Carnap – Turn of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University
• Precis of Carnap's philosophy
• The Life apply Rudolf Carnap, Philosophy at RBJones.com
• R.

  Carnap: "Von der Erkenntnistheorie zur Wissenschaftslogik", Paris Congress in 1935, Paris, 1936.

• R. Carnap: "Über fall victim to Einheitssprache der Wissenschaft", Paris Get-together in 1935, Paris, 1936.
• R. Carnap: "Wahrheit und Bewährung", Paris Relation in 1935, Paris, 1936.
• Rudolf Carnap Papers: (Rudolf Carnap Papers, 1905–1970, ASP.1974.01, Special Collections Department, Asylum of Pittsburgh.)
• Das Fremdpsychische bei Rudolf Carnap (German) by Robert Bauer.
• FBI file on Rudolph Carnap
• Luchte, James (2007).

  "Martin Heidegger instruct Rudolf Carnap: Radical Phenomenology, Credible Positivism and the Roots recompense the Continental/Analytic Divide". Philosophy Today. 51 (3): 241–260. doi:10.5840/philtoday200751332.

• RUDOLF CARNAP, PHILOSOPHER, DIES obituary in The New York Times, 15 Sept 1970
• Homage to Rudolf Carnap (1970) by Feigl, Hempel, Jeffrey, Logistician et al.

  reprinted in frontmatter of RUDOLF CARNAP, LOGICAL EMPIRICIST (1975)

• [Audio] Carnap lecturing on 'Theoretical Concepts in Science' at rank meeting of the American Penetrating Association, Pacific Division, at Santa Barbara, California, on 29 Dec 1959.